1 30 17 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/b74f40e47d0e408747e77720d665579a.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=k1wS2pk0TU4XFEU5Pe-6ywYmLgvbc5eIQxKWVJHe5CJkVv0hIugLdJhr1HFyq6GdYkTFuu66HGCfvQUBqQ7nbFe7ZHK68AXYnB037Jau-g5oj3oQloaS7DG%7EV-KoRD3YIDbxANT67a3xqbOKX%7EGFf1BqpEGreIDF2697rzd4E8l9UNUg23jnBDWj2l1X7GGNYVnTZI8KDNAhglN95nHT73Ly5ripyX-jrKvJEUmji793ppagkSuTAof79bMiavQj1svz1MFIW-vojrwfXJDGxxeVqXpHcwppWP37Jic3fbnRr-mz6XingDu7fDOOMOh8TTPd7%7EXnT7JB5qTwWBpZow__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 817bc635190aae10dba3151743140a78 PDF Text Text UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL CENTER FOR LOWELL HISTORY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION WWII ORAL HISTORY PROJECT MARC MILLER INFORMANT: VICTOR LUZ INTERVIEWER: MARC MILLER V = VICTOR M = MARC 76.10 M: Okay. Well a few questions. We'll start with some background first. [TV is on in the background] Do you live in Lowell? Were you were born in Lowell? V: Born, and lived in Lowell all my life. M: Lived here? V: Here in this house, except for you know, a few years that I wasn't a homeowner. But that's about [unclear]. M: Were you married during World War II? V: No, I'm still single. I was in high school during World War II. M: Oh you were in high school? V: Right. Right. Till '45. M: That was the Lowell High (--) Wa that Lowell High School? V: Lowell High, right. M: Till 1945? V: Right. And then I can't remember when, let's see, when did World War II end, in'46, '47? M: '45. �V: '45? Was it the end of '45, or something like that? See, I was [few words unclear] M: So you were never drafted? V: No, I wasn't old enough. M: Did you worry about the draft at all when you got old enough against the war? V: No. No. [Comment unclear] M: Next general question. What was it like to live in Lowell during the war? V: As compared to what? Compared to now? M: Oh, just in general. V: In general? M: What was it like during the war that would make it stand out from other times? V: Busier. People I think were more concerned. They had more of a purpose than they do now, or you know, previously. It seemed to be awful lot more activity in the Town itself, primarily I guess because of the lack of transportation. [Words unclear] And uh, with the, you know, the Base this close by, and Boston close by, the night life was good. So that there was always an awful lot of servicemen in town. An awful lot of action, you know? I think in comparison to now and before, it seemed to be an awful more, an awful lot more life. And it was apparent to the people. And I think the people seemed to be kind of more friendly than now. Possibly you know, communications wise it wasn't, people had to depend upon [unclear]. I think we might have had maybe [rest of comment unclear]. And we just had the [unclear] for communication newspaper. Well now we, with the TV it's you know, kind of a, people kind of isolate themselves much better. I mean some people are happy, some people are happy primarily because they were very hungry before things started, and uh, sorry to say some of them didn't care whether the war ever ended, because they were the best days they ever had. M: [Comment unclear]. V: The younger kids, or um, [unclear] boys. So the employment factor was a major thing in a lot of lives. I think one of the things, one of the things that's lacking in Lowell is the most fantastic activity downtown, because people would depend upon buses. And uh, it was always crowded downtown. If you had no problem walking through the city, any part of the city either, you know, [unclear] you know, go to [unclear], which isn't you know, true now. M: Where were the rest of the family. [Comment unclear] V: My family? My brother was in the Navy. And my sister was down at [MIT?]. (M: At that time?) My oldest sister. Yeah. She worked at Radiation Labs. My father ran the business here, �and I worked with him. My brother was away. Any my other two sisters younger than me, they were in school too. M: Was it a prosperous time for the family? V: Uh, relative to the depression, definitely, but uh, the type of business is uh, the business has grown fantastically since then. M: When did it really get to grow? Kind of really begin to grow? V: Well during the war there was just my father and I, and we had [unclear]. So it would be after the war you know, that he started increasing the help. [Comment unclear] I'm not connected with [unclear] they teach. [Conversation unclear] M: How did the war affect oh, high school? V: The high school itself, I think some of the older kids, they, they volunteered. A lot of older kids volunteered. So that quite a few of my friends never graduated, or they would leave, you know, probably a month or two, or something like that before graduation. Quite a few kids in my graduating class received their diplomas, but uh, they just read their names off and they mailed their diplomas, something like that. And a lot of kids just never did. World War II had a completely different affect on the people, because uh, the people were informed more or less, or led to believe that it was the patriotic thing to do is to back the war and things like that. The communication system was so completely different that the reaction now as compared to there is diametrically opposed, because you got an awful lot of kids that are worried, and things like that. And uh, I think probably it's because of communication [unclear]. Because of TV and things like that. We didn't get that. You had to go to movies or something to see the bionics of it. And everything was edited and geared, even the you know, you think as far as the newspaper was concerned, and the radio, where we don't have so much now. Almost like a censor affect. [Unclear] I don't remember. But I think vaguely [rest of comment unclear]. The one thing I think for example, was uh, that we all thought that we were saving lard for munitions, niglycerin, or something like that. And naturally they found out that they were making sulfa out of it. And see, this was really befrauding the people. And I think the people the people that thought that they were being buffaloed like that, that the people certainly would have you know, made [unclear], people in general don't change too too much. They are changed by the people that can control communications. [Unclear] and I feed you what you want to within limits naturally, you know. M: Pretty broad limits. V: Yeah, yeah. Yeah, today. Today [unclear]. M: Do you remember were there, do you remember whether any teachers were absent because of the war? V: I think most of the good (--) Yeah, there were some, but um, for the most part a lot of them �teachers were working part time in the munitions factory over there. The Remington Arms. Remington Arms. That was the big thing for (--) And I don't know whether [unclear] many working in the, because while I was in high school [rest of comment unclear]. And I know that gradually some of the teachers started coming back. And in my senior year, a couple of teachers that had been in the service were discharged I guess, or separated. I'm not sure which. Then when I went up into Tech, my first year up to Tech, there were quite a few that would start coming back. [Unclear] When I started at Tech we only had about, there were only 50 I think in my graduate, in my freshman class. I think there were probably about 4 or 6 kids that graduated as seniors up there. Primarily because they [few words unclear], or working, or something like that. And uh, the kids that were formally in the classes were drafted. So [comment unclear]. Then the middle of that year I guess, I guess the war in Europe was at that time. And I think, and I'm pretty sure, and they their first class of GI's come back. [Comment unclear] M: The school was expanded. V: Oh yeah. Yeah, Tech companies then expanded. A lot of these guys, because GI, GI Bill then I think was, seemed to be a lot of veterans, even though a lot of the guys struggled, they uh, the people were more eager to give them, you know, something. And there was a better psychological atmosphere along the [unclear]. The poor kids today [rest of comment unclear]. M: Do you remember whether schools, there were any different subjects taught because of the war? V: Yeah. Let's see, one they called Airology. M: Airology? V: Air, yeah, I'm pretty sure they called it Airology. Uh, it was a high school course. And they taught it within general, something to do with aviation, and a little bit of mechanics I think. It was under the Science and Math, and probably a little bit of meteorology, or something like that. I don't know, because I never took the course. Then they had a course, they Latin teacher taught Morse Code I think they called it. They probably had a fancy name, but that's what it was. They taught that. [Comment unclear] A lot of assemblies. All of the assemblies were kind of patriotic. [Comment unclear] as compared to today. Today they [rest of comment unclear and several comments thereafter unclear]. We always had a type of para-military group down there. They'd come out [unclear]. Then it was much, much more military, closer to what you would find [rest of comment unclear-and several comments thereafter] M: Do you remember, were there a lot of uniforms around Lowell during the war? V: There had to be, because Lowell was one of the best liberty towns in this part of the country. M: [Unclear] V: Well only indirectly, primarily because you know, as an [unclear] twenty-one. But uh, it would, [unclear] would affect them because you see them on the streets, they're all out in the �streets and stuff. And uh, [rest of comment unclear]. A lot of them you knew, because a lot of them were you know, people in the area that were [unclear] and so forth. They had to USO going. These you know, USO parties and dances and stuff like that. But for the most part older than high school people [rest of comment unclear]. They were extremely strict. [Unclear] they were really strict on [unclear]. And uh, there were a lot of MP's and stuff around, or SP's, [unclear] besides the local cops. But the clubs were always gambling and [rest of comment unclear]. M: Were the soldiers around Moody Street considered bad examples. Were they [unclear]. V: Not as far as the kids were concerned. I mean not as far as the young people were concerned. Uh, I don't think it was, you know, any worse than a situation today where you get the drinking. And I think, as a matter of fact now, it's a worse situation. They are [unclear] on the high school age kids. [Comment unclear]. The restrictions were different than now. People watched their kids a lot closer. They wanted to you know, they [unclear]. And kids got home sometimes just to mind other kids so that the parents can work, you know? And uh, it was just, it was the older ones that used to do [unclear]. [A few comments unclear] ...had a different outlook on military than they do now. They don't, they don't seem to um, relate now to the military as members in their own family, or friends, or neighbors, things like that. Possibly it's because they're aren't so many of them in the service. Every time you'd read the paper you'd know something was you know, was either wounded, or [unclear], something like that. [Comment unclear] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UMass Lowell Portuguese American Oral Histories [1976-2018] Description An account of the resource These oral histories with Portuguese immigrants and their descendants in the Greater Lowell area were conducted between 1976-2016. Topics covered include the experience of immigration, working conditions, family life, and more. These oral histories were funded by the Lowell National Historical Park, the American Folklife Center, and UMass Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Children of immigrants Cultural assimilation Mills and mill-work Portuguese American women Madeirans World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States. Navy. Factories Education Depressions--1929 Immigrants Christmas Immigrant families Ethnic food New Year Balls (parties) Community organization Civic leaders Baking Bakeries Bakery employees Tradition (Theology) Music Ethnic neighborhoods Boardinghouses Folk dancing, Portuguese Music teachers Civil engineering Urban renewal Park facilities--Planning Fasts and Feasts Portuguese language Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Engineering Religious gatherings Police Portugal--Emigration and immigration Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Dance teachers Female impersonators Entertainers Musicians Suicide Cleaning compounds Tenement houses Rug and carpet industry Entrepreneurship Irish Americans Politics and government City council members Campaign management Community development, Urban Music--Portuguese influences Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Priests Code switching (Linguistics) Soccer Cooking Composition (Music) Portuguese teachers Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Fathers and sons Bars (Drinking establishments) Desegregation Military bands Track and field coaches Language teachers Brazilian Americans Bullfights Bullying in schools Conflict of generations Earthquakes Evening and continuation schools Volcanos Meat industry and trade Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 Christmas cooking Community schools Marriage Radio programs Sewing Angola--History--Revolution, 1961-1975 Agriculture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Document Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All items can be found at the Center for Lowell History in Lowell, MA. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Manchester (N.H.) Graciosa (Azores) Capelinhos Volcano (Azores) Faial (Azores) Lawrence (Mass.) Terceira Island (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Madeira (Madeira Islands) Pico Island (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Azores Hudson (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Denatale, Doug Fertig, Barbara Fitzsimons, Gray Holden, Maria Miller, Marc Norkunas, Martha Page, Paul Perkins, Carole MacDougal Reis, John M. Spandagos, Olga Strobel, Christoph Szewczyk, Kimberly Taylor, David Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victor Luz Oral History Interview Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-10 Description An account of the resource Oral History Interview with Victor Luz, October 1976. <br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note</strong>: Victor J. Luz was born on March 8, 1928 in the Swede Village section of Lowell, MA. He was the third of 5 children, his siblings including: Beatrice (Luz) Painter, Adrian A. Luz, Helen Luz, and Jessie (Luz) DiPalma. His mother, Jessie (Mason) Luz, was born in Lowell on May 2, 1906. His father was Andrew (Adriano) Luz, who was born on the Madeira Islands on April 12, 1900 and immigrated to Middlesex County on June 3, 1907. Andrew and Jessie married on March 15, 1924 in Lawrence, MA. <br /><br />Victor Luz graduated from Lowell High School in 1945 and attended Lowell Textile before graduating in 1949. After receiving a textile engineering degree, Victor enlisted in the United States Navy and served during the Korean War. He then spent the next several years as a Brother in the Catholic Church in Newburgh, New York, before eventually returning to Lowell, where he taught Mathematics at Lowell High School and temporarily served as the chairman of the Mathematics department. He passed away on January 16, 2013.<br /><br /><strong>Scope and Contents:</strong> Interview conducted by Marc Miller. Discussion focuses on Victor Luz' experience living in Lowell during World War II, including how the war impacted the city of Lowell and employment for those living in Lowell, his family, ajd his high school teachers, classes, and fellow students. Additionally, Luz also discusses the presence of soldiers in the city and the mentality towards those in uniform. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Miller, Marc Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945 United States. Navy. Portuguese American women Factories Education Veterans Madeirans Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luz, Victor Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Luz, Victor 76.10 Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSMK-3CDQ-P?view=index&amp;cc=2632082&amp;lang=en&amp;groupId=">Andrew Luz's Declarations of Intention for American Citizenship</a><br /><a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/lowellsun/name/victor-luz-obituary?id=19995509">Victor Luz Obituary</a> Radiation Labs Remington Arms https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/2898f6c84ffa655d9e6a06af836ff9fb.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=HNIFJC63rflCuUvOtnfoWLFG7xuRg9209cMyIP74oetEzr2-VMNYsJMyGWH1Jd-SmpzFT4bct%7EOrHKvnCDf87f3RaHZ8VRsVdUH%7EoI%7ELnP8vlBfW1siuEs5aNzCJbIqK1QFTHVRxLK9AAuYmB1ENBOqoOH9bZfkGBQsBSdLwHBTAESOnAO%7EfXCPHoodDGYEOsXIzJaDYyW-Z1TA0IDZe-vmaEaZY4GCHmWmVh8w%7EaS3l-PW3yI1HdrcjcS%7ESpk6Cn4DVjxU4Tg9YK8vLD1jiDcH1r3WI7-Gpg7Cg5j0jjfoUzZuBZBGimwwG%7Et%7E5HxiwoZZIe8E-%7E8%7Egs-xW7Ox5ZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 20ab1966ec28049c86f67cbb454a1da5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Januario Leal Video Collection [1975-2000] Description An account of the resource The Januario Leal Video collection covers events related to the Portuguese community from many towns within the Greater Boston area from the 1970s to 2000. The videos linked here focus on the communities north and northwest of Boston, however many more videos can be found on the LealVideos Youtube page, including videos filmed in the Azores. The videos in this collection include many events, festivals, processions, and Carnaval celebrations.<br /><br />This collection is still growing. Check back for updates!<br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note</strong><br />Januario L. Leal was born on October 15, 1946, in São Bras, Terceira to Januario and Maria (Linhares) Leal. He grew up attending school and, as an adult, operated his father’s convenience store.<br /><br />In 1970, Januario relocated to the United States with his wife, Fernanda (DeSousa) Leal, and they settled in Lowell, Massachusetts. He became a communicant of St. Anthony’s Church and a member of many local clubs including the Portuguese American Civic League, the Portuguese American Center, and the Holy Ghost Society. After immigrating to Lowell, he worked at Paris Shoe as a machine operator until 1978. He later began working for Bradford Industries, formerly known as Pandel, as an inspector until his retirement.<br /><br />Januario was also an avid videographer and maintained his own YouTube channel called "Leal Videos." In 1972 Januario's first video camera was a Super 8mm. The Super 8 used 50ft film roll cassettes which only provided 3 minutes of video recording. As video camera technology advanced he later upgraded 3 years later in 1975 to 16mm film. The Super 8 and 16mm cameras that Januario owned were hand-cranked at first but later upgraded to battery powered a couple years later. As Januario continued to follow his passion he upgraded his camera with each video camera technology advancements which included the video formats of VHS (1980-1999), MiniDV (2000-2015) and to the modern day High Definition 1080p (2015-2022). He recorded hundreds of local events related to the Portuguese community, including many processions and festivals. Thanks to his videography passion, an entire generation of Portuguese American festivities will now be preserved for posterity.<br /><br />Januario passed away on February 28, 2022 and is survived by his four children (Roberta Agostinho, Alizabete Brum, Davido Leal, and Roberto Leal) and their families, including many grandchildren. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leal, Januario Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Permission to link out to YouTube page granted by Januario's son, Rob Leal. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource All items link to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@lealvideos">Leal Videos Youtube page</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://umlportuguesearchives.omeka.net/collections/show/45">Januario Leal Photography Collection [1970-2000]</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-2000 Subject The topic of the resource Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Music--Portuguese influences Portuguese American women Female impersonators Male impersonators Bullfights Clowns Livestock Fasts and Feasts Comedy Cows Azorean Americans Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Dance ensembles Marching bands Processions, Religious--Catholic Church Broadcast journalism Music Dinners and dining Girl Scouts Boy Scouts Antique and classic cars Dogs Poetry Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Warren (R.I.) Pawtucket (R.I.) Hudson (Mass.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Is Format Of A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format. <h2>Please press play below to view the video:</h2> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xP4anj0WRjQ?si=TaPf6Mee_3zQQ6qn" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe> Title A name given to the resource 1992 Bradford Industries Lowell, MA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-12 Description An account of the resource Footage of workers at Bradford Industries (formerly known as Pandel Corporation) located on 75 Rogers Street in Lowell, MA. As explained in the opening of the video, the company was founded in 1963 to produce vinyl synthetic materials for footwear, such as the white go-go boot material made famous by Goldie Hawn. Bradford Industries was established in 1987, and in the 1990's and 2000's, the company's focus shifted to performance textile coatings, which served automotive, furniture, trucking, marine, industrial, and many more applications. Many Portuguese immigrants and other residents of Lowell worked at this company, including Januario Leal himself. The video showcases the average day of the workers in this company around Christmas time, as well as meal time between the workers, where they gifted their boss a Christmas gift. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leal, Januario Subject The topic of the resource Mills and mill-work Factories Azorean Americans Shoe industry Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Permission to link out to YouTube page granted by Januario's son, Rob Leal. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Bradford Industries Pandel Corporation https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/0e949699054f58bdee923619b3bf4d42.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=l0HJkciwGr0q7-5XD%7EwXOfBLJHapw51xODAi7Mdny04gBEkHQiLU7%7EpG83JlzeVeUHdN70SlWPY-lslSIi0v2sRdBwdCV7dBhSqX2Fcv61eWXUe0W-SQQpAGQZqMl88udpRrL0phdbr3hs7kn-kIkpsiRRLKXWuXfY52K9c6NocJFn9uqmTHZrUjXv7lunfgE98noGbAqLASssr7i9x4FWw-73U1-HeQswxnFLCUBpKKWffLKxGDCtzVyRYzljjmU-Gb2gP6H6pgvO1xdavi%7EwbJPX2ucEAyqaaMTPskcD5Wbe05lBjwa9-uNMF8UcRhsrP-3fvUe3%7EithBLD4t2gg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3a4ce84673a1e23f97cc2788e5c99adf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Januario Leal Video Collection [1975-2000] Description An account of the resource The Januario Leal Video collection covers events related to the Portuguese community from many towns within the Greater Boston area from the 1970s to 2000. The videos linked here focus on the communities north and northwest of Boston, however many more videos can be found on the LealVideos Youtube page, including videos filmed in the Azores. The videos in this collection include many events, festivals, processions, and Carnaval celebrations.<br /><br />This collection is still growing. Check back for updates!<br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note</strong><br />Januario L. Leal was born on October 15, 1946, in São Bras, Terceira to Januario and Maria (Linhares) Leal. He grew up attending school and, as an adult, operated his father’s convenience store.<br /><br />In 1970, Januario relocated to the United States with his wife, Fernanda (DeSousa) Leal, and they settled in Lowell, Massachusetts. He became a communicant of St. Anthony’s Church and a member of many local clubs including the Portuguese American Civic League, the Portuguese American Center, and the Holy Ghost Society. After immigrating to Lowell, he worked at Paris Shoe as a machine operator until 1978. He later began working for Bradford Industries, formerly known as Pandel, as an inspector until his retirement.<br /><br />Januario was also an avid videographer and maintained his own YouTube channel called "Leal Videos." In 1972 Januario's first video camera was a Super 8mm. The Super 8 used 50ft film roll cassettes which only provided 3 minutes of video recording. As video camera technology advanced he later upgraded 3 years later in 1975 to 16mm film. The Super 8 and 16mm cameras that Januario owned were hand-cranked at first but later upgraded to battery powered a couple years later. As Januario continued to follow his passion he upgraded his camera with each video camera technology advancements which included the video formats of VHS (1980-1999), MiniDV (2000-2015) and to the modern day High Definition 1080p (2015-2022). He recorded hundreds of local events related to the Portuguese community, including many processions and festivals. Thanks to his videography passion, an entire generation of Portuguese American festivities will now be preserved for posterity.<br /><br />Januario passed away on February 28, 2022 and is survived by his four children (Roberta Agostinho, Alizabete Brum, Davido Leal, and Roberto Leal) and their families, including many grandchildren. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leal, Januario Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Permission to link out to YouTube page granted by Januario's son, Rob Leal. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource All items link to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@lealvideos">Leal Videos Youtube page</a>.<br /><br /><a href="https://umlportuguesearchives.omeka.net/collections/show/45">Januario Leal Photography Collection [1970-2000]</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-2000 Subject The topic of the resource Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Music--Portuguese influences Portuguese American women Female impersonators Male impersonators Bullfights Clowns Livestock Fasts and Feasts Comedy Cows Azorean Americans Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Dance ensembles Marching bands Processions, Religious--Catholic Church Broadcast journalism Music Dinners and dining Girl Scouts Boy Scouts Antique and classic cars Dogs Poetry Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Warren (R.I.) Pawtucket (R.I.) Hudson (Mass.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Is Format Of A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format. <h2>Please press play below to view the video:</h2> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/i_sEat_SgC4?si=YIhG-194VbAPPXUB" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe> Title A name given to the resource 1970s Paris Shoe Company Inc., Lowell, MA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 circa Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leal, Januario Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Permission to link out to YouTube page granted by Januario's son, Rob Leal. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Description An account of the resource Footage of workers making shoes through various stages of production at the Paris Shoe Company located on 95 Bridge St. in Lowell, MA. The company was founded in 1948 by wife and husband duo Florence and Edward Paris, who ran the shoe company until it closed in 1981. Many Portuguese immigrants and other residents of Lowell worked here and are featured in the footage, including Filomena Mello working with a sewing machine and Dimas Espínola. The original video is only 17 minutes long and loops over itself in this video. Additional footage at the end shows the workers socializing and scenes of the city of Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Factories Shoe industry Portuguese American women Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Paris Shoe Factory https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/1277e2ef88d276f9c4a95c3ce57043c1.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=Vvlrsnm9A8JhHbmtrtkn9qPe7z8MDBYPeSgjkhHYlNr91yChKfIdlz5yqv9Tvx54zlgErS-h2lfY8wvx0n7Rh6-uEssHAd4m5KZwVXbos8Ks4Ia2x%7Em%7EnIbyp4atR243mYDtbFWr6-sqqkhDEj4-pTbEee-GusJWSSSv0uj1Ik9WCZ30lg7QRIlioyypxVayDvtCi%7E%7EyCSGyKgU1giX330UzjSQGXVEFQ89UeB0Tv3qx0GFnBUZLsNzEUjVhxb2LMVBclzva7VuqeojGjsQ8xHSD3%7EaA4ZqOQ86b125kZDfTR81aEDUo802JCFjy1TG0Y6Pm-L84AMo%7ECe8440gEOw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9d13fd8e7ce0fc4e8a293fd3cb4cf62e PDF Text Text UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL SAAB CENTER FOR PORTUGUESE STUDIES ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEWEES: MARIA AND JOSEPH MENDONÇA INTERVIEWER: GRAY FITZSIMONS DATE: FEBRUARY 3, 2023 Biographical Sketch: Maria Rosa was born on the Azorean Island of Faial in 1945. She was one of four children (two brothers and a sister) and grew up in the village of Flamengos, a short distance from Horta, in a four-room house constructed of stone. Her father operated a small farm. She attended the public school in the village completing her education through grade 4. In 1957, when Maria was 12 years old, the Capelhinos volcano on Faial erupted, an event that altered the lives of many Azoreans. In the United States, Congress passed special legislation liberalizing immigration for all Azoreans. Aided by a Portuguese family in Lowell, which sponsored Maria and her family, the Rosas departed Faial in 1960, arriving in Boston and then traveling to Lowell, where she, her parents, and her siblings settled in the city’s “Back Central” neighborhood. Maria entered the Lowell public schools, attending the Colburn School in her neighborhood. Despite the difficulties with having to learn English without any formal support by the public schools, Maria completed her studies at the Colburn and then at the Butler Junior High School. At the age of 16 she received a work permit and obtained a job at the Hathaway Shirt Company that operated a clothing manufacturing firm in the old Hamilton Mill. She met her husband, Joseph Mendonça, in Lowell and married him in 1966. Maria subsequently worked at the Raytheon Corporation and had a son and daughter. Born in 1942 in Ponta Garça on the island of São Miguel, Joseph Mendonça moved to the United States at the age of 15, settling in Lowell with his family. His father had been born in Fall River, Massachusetts, in 1905 and therefore had U.S. citizenship, despite returning to São Miguel when he was quite young. Joseph attended a public school in Ponta Garça before entering high school in Ponta Delgada. Upon moving to Lowell, he was placed in the Butler Junior High School, but when he turned 16 he received a work permit and entered the employ of Grace Shoe Company, one a several shoe manufacturers in the city. For a number of years, Joseph worked in the shoe industry, while marrying Maria and beginning a family. He eventually attained a high school degree and began work at BASF Industries. Joseph and Maria were active 1 �parishioners at St. Anthony’s Church in Lowell as well as in the Holy Ghost Society. Joseph served as president of the Holy Ghost Society in the 1970s. They lived for a number of years in Lowell’s Back Central neighborhood before purchasing a house in South Lowell. Scope and Contents: This interview focuses on several major themes: (1) Portuguese immigration from the Azores to Lowell, as part of the “second great wave” of Portuguese immigration to the United States, beginning in the late 1950s; (2) experiencing the Capelhinos volcanic eruption on the island of Faial, beginning in 1957; (3) adjusting to life in the United States, notably in public schools prior to the advent of bilingual education; (4) Portuguese institutions in Lowell notably St. Anthony’s Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Ghost Society, as well as in the city’s Portuguese social clubs. G= GRAY M=MARIA J= JOSEPH G: It is February 3, 2023. A very cold day out there. J: Yes. G: I’m in the home of Maria and Joseph Mendonça. Thank you very much for agreeing to this interview. J: You are welcome, Mr. Fitzsimons. M: You are welcome, Mr. Fitzsimons. G: The interview will be four parts. The first part will be your first recollections of coming to Lowell. And then the second part will be about your homeland and your villages. And then, what I’d like to do in the third part, is talk about your life in Lowell, the years you’ve spent here. And finally, Joseph, this might apply more to you than Maria, but I’d like to talk to you a little bit about the Holy Ghost Society, but you [Maria] might have some things to add too. So, Maria, let me start with you. When did you immigrate from Faial, and when did you come to Lowell? M: In 1960. April 5, 1960. G: And how old were you? M: I was twelve. G: Okay, did you come with your family? M: You may need to erase that because I wasn’t twelve. I was thirteen. 2 �G: That’s okay. Thirteen. M: No, I was fourteen, and I was going to turn fifteen in June. I came in April, April 5, 1960, and I was turning fifteen on June 3. G: And what do you remember about your traveling from the Azores to Lowell? How did you come here? M: We left Faial on the boat to Terceira Island. And then from Terceira we came directly to Boston, Massachusetts. G: To Boston. And then did you come right to Lowell, or did you go elsewhere? M: We arrived in Boston, and there were some people, my parents’ friends that had sponsored us, they were there to pick us up, to bring us to Lowell. The family that, you know, sponsored us to come. G: Was the International Institute [of Lowell] involved at all in this? M: No, it wasn’t, they weren’t. G: Okay. When you first came to Lowell where did you stay? M: The first night we stayed at the family that had sponsored us. They were the brother-in-law of the man that my father was friends with, in Faial. But because he had come earlier, he wasn’t here long enough to sponsor for us. So, he asked his brother-in-law to sponsor us. So we went directly to the ones that had sponsored us, but then at night we came to the family that they were friends with my father, which they were families. They were brother and sister, you know, those two families, but the one that wanted us to come to the United States, we stayed there at their home. G: What was the name of the family that sponsored you? M: Antonio Mello. G: Antonio Mello. And he was a friend of your father? M: Yes, they had farms, you know, next to each other and they became friends. So, they were very good friends. G: Let me ask you, do you remember the voyage from Terceira to Boston? M: Yes, I was excited, you know, coming to America, because you know, in those days America was like a paradise. So, we were excited to come. I was young. So, I was excited to come to the United States. G: Were you nervous about coming? M: No, I wasn’t. I was excited! No, I wasn’t nervous. G: I see. 3 �M: And I didn’t mind leaving Faial. And I had a lot of friends and stuff, but I didn’t mind. G: Was that your first time ever leaving Faial? M: Yes. G: So, you had never been to Terceira before? M: No, it was an adventure for me. My oldest brother didn’t want to come because he was older than me, two years older than me. He was very sad to leave Faial, his friends and stuff. He was very sad for a long time when we arrived in the United States. G: Did all your family come at the same time? M: Yes, the six of us. Two brothers, and one sister. G: Okay. And were you in Back Central when you first arrived in Lowell? M: Yes. The first home that we stayed, we didn’t stay, we just went there, it was Quebec Street, you know, in Lowell. And then we came to Walnut Street. And that’s where we stayed for a while there, you know, that family. G: So, Quebec Street is in Ayer’s City [section of Lowell]. And then you came very shortly then to Walnut Street. M: That same day. We first went, because the son that went to pick us up, that family, the Boldeia you know, he went to pick us up. G: How do you spell the name? M: Boldeia, B O L D E I A. G: Okay. Were they also from Faial? M: Yes, they were all from Faial. G: So, let me ask you, what were your first impressions of Lowell? M: When I arrived to Boston, I saw all the lights from the plane. I was so excited. You know, it didn’t bother me. You know, I liked it right from the beginning. I was never sorry that I had left Faial. G: Yes, but you never saw such tall buildings. M: No, I didn’t, but you know, I was excited, you know, very excited. So, of course I had to go to school. That was a problem, because school, not knowing the language, and it was a little adjustment, you know. I recall I was sitting in front of this boy that was behind me. And I had long hair, and he pulled my hair, because he didn’t care, because he knew that I didn’t speak English. You know, I wasn’t going to tell the teacher. You know, he was being funny. G: What school was that? M: Colburn School on Lawrence Street. 4 �G: Colburn, of course. There were a lot of Portuguese students there, yes. M: Not too many at that time. G: Oh really? Okay. M: So, I started to cry. Then the teacher went to get someone from the other class that also spoke Portuguese. She’s still living. I forget her last name. Mary, her name was Mary, and she came over and asked me why I was crying. And then they moved me to another, you know, seat. G: So, one final question about arriving in Back Central. In terms of the visual qualities, the houses, the shops, did you have any initial impressions about that part of Lowell? M: Like I said, I liked it right away, and it was interesting to me. And then there was a neighbor, neighbors of ours that you know, after we went that first night and we got an apartment on Whipple Street. And then we got to know this family that was right across from the street from us. Very, very nice family. You know, they looked after us. And I used to go babysit their children. And it was wonderful. G: This was on Whipple Street. M: Whipple Street, yes. G: Do you remember the name of that family? M: Yes, Barboza Family. And the daughter lived with the mother and the father. And her name was Alice. She’s no longer with us, but her son is Steve Joncas. G: Oh! M: You know Steve Joncas? G: Yes, I do. M: Okay, that’s her son. G: Oh, you’re kidding. M: You know, yes. So, I used to be there all the time helping them and babysitting the two children that Alice had, plus had Steve, you know, the oldest one. G: And what was her relation to the Barbozas? Alice? Was she a daughter? M: The daughter, the only daughter. G: Okay, the only daughter. All right. Joseph, let me turn to you. I’m going to ask you some of the same questions. What do you remember about your voyage from São Miguel? J: São Miguel, right, by plane. G: By plane? 5 �J: Actually, we were supposed to go by boat from São Miguel to Santa Maria. That’s where the international airport used to be at the time. There was no other international airport. So, we flew a plane, a seven-person plane. G: You’re kidding. J: No, that small. Seven, eight, whatever, but that’s a small. G: You flew from Santa Maria to (--) J: No, no. From São Miguel to Santa Maria, and there then we took the plane to Logan Airport. G: Okay. And what year was that? J: It was May 8, 1958, when I arrived in Boston. It took what? Nine and a half hours. There were no jets then. But it was a great trip. I wanted to come to America because I didn’t care about studying. When I was in grammar school, I was a good student. When I went to high school, I started reading a lot of the American made magazines. You know, Roy Rogers, Hopalong Cassidy, all those things there. So I did want to come over here when my parents decided to come to the United States. It was, but the flight was right. Had a good flight. G: Yes. You came with your entire family then? J: No. If you want the whole story, I’ll say it now. G: Please, yes. J: My father was born in Fall River 1905. G: What was your father’s name? J: Manuel Mendonça. Manny, he used to be known. And his family went back to São Miguel because they were there, immigrants like we came. So, then two, three years later my grandparents decided to come back to the states. But when they moved back there was no, a couple of sisters, and now I don’t know if it was my grandmother, or my grandfather, and they didn’t want to come back to the States. And they asked my grandparents, why don’t you leave little Manny with us, and then maybe a couple of years you come and get him, and he goes back to you to the States. That never happened. When my father finally came back to the United States, it was in 1957. So, it’s quite a story if I can. But back to your question, my oldest brother Manny, still living, he was the first one to come to the States in 1956. And my father, we had a lot of things there. We were like middle-class people. My father didn’t want to leave everything behind and come over here. Then if my brother didn’t like it, it was just one person to go back. So, I was saying, he came in 1957 by himself, because he was born in 1937. At the time the United States laws were that any children of American citizens born in foreign countries, they were American citizens. So, my brother came first, about six months later, which was already 1957, then my father and my sister came, because my sister could come alone too, because she was [born in] 1939 and the law was still there. It wasn’t, you know, six months, but it was pretty much three years or a little more. And then it was my mother, me and my two younger brothers. And that was the third wave with the family. 6 �G: How old were you? J: I was fifteen years old. G: Fifteen years old, okay. And you flew into Logan. J: I flew into Logan. G: Did somebody meet you there at the airport? J: My brother was there with my father, and my sister. And in those days, you know, the cars were big. My brother already had a car. G: Did he? He had a car. J: He had a car. G: What kind of car was it? Do you remember? J: That I don’t. I know it was the big boat in the olden days. And he picked us up, and then we came to Lowell. They already had an apartment. G: Where was the apartment? J: On Lawrence Street, next door to the old Colburn School. G: Oh, right by the Colburn. J: Right next door, and there used to be a grocery store on the bottom. It was a big block. It extended from Lawrence Street to, that’s the Concord River, right. I think Concord River. We used to live there way back. G: Is that apartment building still there? J: No, it was torn down. The other one [across the street], I believe it’s still there. But that was torn down, and I think it’s just an empty spot there now. G: I think you’re right. I think so. So, you came from São Miguel, fifteen years old. You arrive in Lowell. What were your initial impressions of Lowell? J: I loved Lowell, and it was big. Even though São Miguel, it’s a pretty big Island, and we have some big buildings there too. And the excitement of, I liked America right away. In Lowell, you know, [there are] wider streets. Everything is bigger than [in] São Miguel. Especially, São Miguel has the reputation of very narrow streets, even the big city. Even today because, you know, the old buildings. If you don’t get on the sidewalk, even the sidewalk you may get hit. So, getting over here, it was great, because I wanted to come to the States. G: So, did you have any initial impressions of Back Central, the Portuguese neighborhood? J: Yah, I remember those days. You know, I’ve been thinking about that, and it was a much better neighborhood than it is today. 7 �G: It was back then? J: Back then because there were a lot of Portuguese immigrants there. As we worked, we got a few dollars, then we bought a house, we bought a two-family home. The neighborhoods, as you know. G: Where was the two-family that you bought? J: No, no. People, you know, the immigrants after, they bought houses all around Saint Anthony’s Church, Back Central, the neighborhood. And everybody had flowers on their front lawns. And they had grapevines, to make their wine. And it was nice. It was nice there. G: So where did you live then with your family when you first arrived? J: On Lawrence Street. G: So, were you there for quite a few years, on Lawrence Street, or did you move? J: We lived there not too long. And I remember the old stove. Kerosene? Something like that. No gas. There was no gas in those days. And then we moved across the street, pretty much across the street to a two-family home. My parents knew, you know, the man that bought this here, through work, and all that, they became friends. And the apartment was a better apartment. So, we moved there. G: On Lawrence Street still? J: On Lawrence Street. That one I know, still know the address. 114 Lawrence Street. When I first went to Colburn, I didn’t have to cross the street. But then, like I said, we stayed. By the time we moved there I was out of school. There’s a story about that too. G: Did you speak any English when you first arrived? J: Well, I knew how to say “watch” through my brother from here. No, I didn’t speak English. G: But your brother had learned some English by then. J: Yah, my brother could speak English perfectly. G: No kidding. J: Yah. He went to high school to the seventh year. It was different. The system right now is the same as the American. On the olden days it was different. I did take French. When I came here, if I had gone to Quebec, Canada, it would have been fine. G: So, you spoke some French? J: I spoke some French. Today, bonjour, monsieur, that’s about it. G: So, again, both of you were students when you first arrived in school. J: Yes, there’s a story about that if I can mention it. G: Please, yes. 8 �J: Like I said, I went to Colburn School; I think in May, pretty much the beginning. So, I went to school a week later, until June sometime. G: So, 1958. J: In 1958. And my birthday is on September 4. Like the olden days until recently, nobody would go back to school until after Labor Day. So, I turned sixteen on September 4, but I know when I went back to school, I was sixteen years old. But my English was still not very good. And in grammar school you could only go as far as fifteen years old. So, when I went back to school, still through an interpreter, you know, Portuguese kid, his first name was Bernie, I guess Bernard Bettencourt. I won’t forget. Haven’t seen him. And he was my interpreter. So, Principal, Mr. Markham, went to him to say that I couldn’t stay there. You see, I went to school that morning and my parents, my brothers, and sister, they went to work, and the younger siblings went to school. So, my parents knew I went to school. But the first day I was told because I didn’t speak enough English, I couldn’t stay there. So, he sent me to back to the Colburn School. G: Why did they send you back to the Colburn? J: I think Colburn was the seventh grade, and then Butler School [on Gorham Street] was the eighth grade. And I didn’t know enough English to be there with the older kids more advanced. G: Let me ask you one thing though. You said both of you had interpreters. J: Yes. G: How were you assigned an interpreter? Who assigned you one? J: It wasn’t assigned. It just happened to be kids that spoke Portuguese and English. M: The teachers knew that they were Portuguese. J: We didn’t have, in those days we didn’t have what do you call it? They had it for years. They had some people in school. There was a name for that. I think we don’t hear about that anymore. G: Those who could help out with languages? J: Right. There was a big controversy about that, because I never believed in that either. G: So, were there any Portuguese teachers that you knew of at the Colburn? J: No. In those days there were none, the Portuguese teachers came later and we have some today. They came much later. M: No, no Portuguese. No bilingual. J: Bilingual. Bilingual. G: Bilingual instruction. J: Instructors. We had that officially in some schools, but I don’t hear about that anymore. 9 �G: But it’s interesting that you found your own interpreters basically. J: Well, the kids were there, and the teacher knew, the principal did know that they could speak both Portuguese and English. G: I see. J: And there was this young man, you know, probably a couple of years younger than I was. G: So, getting back to when you were sent then from the Colburn to the Butler, what was that like? J: No, I had been at the Colburn May and June. So that first day there, it didn’t take long there, because whoever the person, like I said, I don’t remember, spoke with Bernie and with me. I have no idea what was said, because my English was still very (--) M: Poor. G: But when you were sent, from the first day when school started at the Colburn, you were sent to the Butler. J: That same day. G: That same day. First of all, did you have to walk from the Colburn to the Butler? J: Yes, we did. G: That’s quite a walk. J: It’s still, but we were young, fifteen and sixteen years old. G: So, what do you remember about that? J: And then I was sent back to Colburn. G: You’re kidding. The principal sent you back? J: It must have been the principal that we spoke with. That I don’t remember. So, when we went back to Colburn School, you know, Bernie told the Principal, Mr. Markham. And then he said, because I was sixteen years old, I couldn’t go to that school; that I would have to go to work. And then he said you have to go to night school to learn English. So, as I said earlier, my parents, my older siblings, they all went to work and the other three, including me went to school. So that same day, you know, and jobs then, shoes, it doesn’t matter, Lowell was a magnet for jobs. The same day, because I already had friends that I made in the Portuguese American Civic League Club on Central Street, I knew some of them. So I went to Grace Shoe, because some of them worked there. I knocked at the door. I spoke with them. I went to work that day. G: Wow, right away. J: Right away. Went to school in the morning. A couple hours later I was working there. So, when my parents came home from work, that I’m not sure whether they come home first, or I 10 �was home first, but when they found out that I went to work, I told them the whole story. My parents, especially my father, was devastated because he really wanted us to have an education. Because when we went to high school there. G: In São Miguel. J: In São Miguel, it was paid then. If you were not middle class, or higher, you go four years to school and then you go work the fields, and go do some fishing, make a living from there. So, we were fortunate. We, like I said, we’re not rich, you know. So, like I said, my parents, especially my father. My mother was, but my father he was with the state [government], can you do this? Can you do that? I said, “Dad, I have to.” I couldn’t go to school, but I will go to night school, which I did. And there is a story to that too. G: Let me come back to that, because when I talked to (--) J: Yes, I don’t want to go. G: No, this is fine, but I don’t want to rigidly hold to this, but I do want to cover a little about that later. So, just shifting gears a little bit to family history, your family background. Maria, let me ask you again. You were born on the Island of? M: Faial. Flamengos was the village. Flamengos. G: How do you spell that? M: F L A M E N G O S, Flamengos Village. G: Thank you. Describe what was the village like? M: It was beautiful. It was like a valley, you know, it was very pretty. I liked it. I liked it a lot. G: Were there many people living in that village? M: Yah, I would say. I don’t know how many, but you know, fairly amount of people. G: Did you know most of the people in the village? M: Yes because it was a small village. We knew most of them, most of the people. G: Was there a church in that village? M: Oh yes. Yes, there was a church not far from us, where we lived. We’d go by foot because we didn’t have a car. Those days, no cars. So, we used to go to the church Sundays. And as young as I was, twelve years old, the teachers, the CCD teachers, they asked me to teach the preschoolers, you know, teach them by a catechism book. You know, ask questions and answers. You know, tell them. So, I remember that vividly, you know, teaching them. It was a big deal for me. I was a teacher, and I was young too, you know, but teaching the little ones, I liked it a lot. G: What was your house like? How would you describe your house? 11 �M: It was not big. You know, four rooms. Like a ranch. Let’s put it that way. Yah, four rooms, a kitchen. The bedroom, there was four of us, you know, four children. So, the girls, me and my sister would sleep in one bed, and my brothers, my two brothers on the other bed in the same room, but there was a petition there. And then there was a living room, no. Yah, a living room for visits. And then my parents had big, one bedroom. It was four rooms. G: And the kitchen. M: And the kitchen. It was four rooms all together. G: Okay. What was the house constructed with? Was it wood, or was it? M: No, it was stone. G: Stone, yes. M: Made out of stone. G: Was it a farm that you lived on? M: Not really a farm, no. My father had a farm, but you had to go out of the house to go to the farm. G: Okay. So, the farm was some distance from the house. M: Yes, not right there. G: And what was the street like where you lived? Were there houses very close to you? M: Where we lived wasn’t too many houses. You know, it was more in the outskirts, you know, the village. But, you know, there were houses there. We all got along well, you know, the neighbors and I had friends that got along good. G: What do you remember about your schooling in the village? M: I liked it. You know, the teachers were nice, especially one, she was very nice. But one was very strict. You know she was, I could say mean, because there was a girl. She was kind of, she had like a little problem learning. And the teacher wanted her to learn no matter what. And she had like, a whip, and she would hit her if she didn’t understand. She would hit her in the head. I remember that vividly. I didn’t like that. The poor thing, she couldn’t, you know, like now they have school for special needs, and she was a special needs child. The teacher didn’t understand. Well, she might have understood, but she wanted her to learn no matter what. I didn’t like that. G: Yes. So how old were you when you started school? M: Good question. G: Like five or six years old? M: No, I think I was seven. 12 �G: Seven, okay. M: Yah, I think it was the age, you know, that we start. Yah, seven. G: As Joseph was saying, was the school, it was essentially elementary school, correct, and then schooling beyond that you had to pay for? Is that correct? M: Yes, so I just have up to the fourth grade. It was the grammar school, but we learned a lot. On those four years we learned a lot. It wasn’t like you know, you had to learn the whole thing. G: I see. So, you learned obviously to read, to write, and a little bit of arithmetic. M: Oh yes, problems, you know, arithmetic, yes. G: Did you have a little bit of history as well? M: Yes, we had a book on history too. We had to learn the whole book. All the Kings, and how Portugal was discovered. G: The Kings of Portugal. M: Yes. G: Well, let me ask you about the Capelinhos volcano. What do you remember about the eruptions? How old were you when they started? M: I was, let’s say, twelve? Maybe twelve years old. And it started, you know, the earthquakes. And they started strong. And we were petrified. I remember that I was petrified. And I was crying, telling my mother that we are going to die, because we could hear and feel the roar. You know, it was like monsters underneath the ground. You know, like a roar. And I was petrified. And then we went to my grandparents’ house because my grandmother was sick, very sick. G: How far away was that house? M: No too far. Walking distance. So, we went there so she wouldn’t be alone because everybody was out in the streets, because they were afraid that the houses were coming down. G: Yes. Could you feel the ground shaking? M: Oh yes, and the ground and the roar. It was like a monster sound. So, I was petrified. So, we would take turns to be with my grandmother. Then go outside and then come in. Scream again. The next day we found out that the volcano had erupted. It was in the ocean. And good thing, because as big as the volcano was, the scientist said that had that volcano had erupted on the Island, on the land, we would have gone, be all perished. So, a good thing it erupted in the ocean. But the village near where the volcano erupted was all destroyed. They evacuated the people. G: Was your house damaged at all? 13 �M: There were a few cracks and stuff, but not a lot like some other ones near the place where the volcano erupted. G: I meant to ask you your family’s name. Your maiden name? M: My maiden name was Rosa. G: Rosa, yes. And with the volcanic eruptions there was a special legislation passed in the United States, the Azorean Refugee Act. And were you able to take advantage of that to come to the U.S.? M: Yes, that’s how we came. G: If you recall how did that work as far as, did you have to sign up to do this? M: Yah, I think we did. Yes, and the friend of my father’s, you know, they worked side by side on the farm, he already had come into the United States, and we heard about this law. G: Did you hear about that by a letter that he wrote back to you? M: I don’t know if it was a letter, but we knew if we had somebody that could sponsor us, we could come to the United States, but the person that would sponsor us had to be in the United States for five years, at least five years, had to have $5,000 in the bank at least, and sponsor us for the five years. But you know, my father’s friend that already had came, because family, his family was already here in the United States, because I guess his sister, my father’s friend’s sister was already here. I think she was born here. G: In Lowell? M: In Lowell. G: I see. Do you remember that name? M: Her name? G: Yes. M: I know the husband’s name. G: Oh, then what’s the husband’s name? M: Oh my god. G: That’s okay. If it comes to you that’s fine. M: Moldeia is the last name, but his first name is José Moldeia. José. G: José. M: She was, oh my god, I forget her name. Ricky’s mother’s name. I forget her name now. J: Right, they had the same name. 14 �G: When you came to Lowell, I meant to ask you, were there others from Faial who came as a result of the volcano? M: Yes, there were others too. G: And you met them? M: Yes. There were others that came too. Not too many. G: Did you actually know them in Faial, or did you meet them for the first time here? M: Who else that came? I forget now. G: That’s okay. Were there others from your village though, that came to Lowell? M: Later on in years they came, you know, to us. G: Some years later, yes. M: Yah, but I think we were the only ones at that time from the village that came, that I recall. G: Okay, very good. Joseph, let me turn to you. I’m going to ask you similar questions. Again, what was the village where you were born? J: Ponta Garça. G: And how far is that from Ponta Delgada? J: We used to say in Portuguese, “sete leguas.” To put that in kilometers, a legua is five kilometers; it was a good ride. G: Yes, it wasn’t within walking distance though, was it? J: No. Some people would do that in like a pilgrimage that they still do today. There’s a huge feast honoring Jesus Christ, and they go on pilgrimage, and it takes them hours to get there. G: And they walk. J: And they walk. Like they go to Santiago de Compostela, and all that. M: In those days they walked. It’s a lot of walking. J: On the olden days, you know, a bus to get there from Ponta Garça. Of course, there was a few stops would take more than an hour. But even the taxi, or something like that, close to an hour. But today they have opened some more highways thru the mountains, you know, technology today, it takes about twenty, twenty-five minutes. That’s their breakthrough. G: And what was the village like where you grew up? J: Quiet. It’s a long village. I think it’s about maybe three, four kilometers long. And when I was there, they had a couple of side streets we called canales. Quite a few houses there, but there was just one main street. And from the beginning until the end, it is a long walk. And it 15 �was nice. It was quiet. You know, people were friendly. We lived near the church, and just a quiet life. G: What was the name of the church? J: Senhora do Piedade, Our Lady of Sorrows. G: That’s beautiful. Did you know many of the people in the village? Did you know quite a few? J: The neighborhood, yes, but the whole village, no. So many people. There was about seven thousand people then. G: Seven thousand. So, that’s a pretty big town. J: Today it’s down to five, or something like that. The immigration brought a lot of us here. G: What was the major occupation of people who lived in Ponta Garça? J: There was some desk jobs. You talking about Ponta Garça only? G: Yes, Ponta Garça. J: Ponta Garça. There were a few there, but most of the people worked on the farms, or fishing. That was the two main ones there. But there were people like, you know, they had stores, or something like that. But actually, my father had a desk job there too. I think we had there sometimes. G: Did he work for the government? J: It is government. It was government as far as I know. G: So, what did he do? J: Well, he was like a secretary for that, I’m trying to convey. They used to help the people, the poor people who were there. Like the nurse would go there a couple of times. G: Yes, like social service. J: Thank you, exactly. Social service. G: I see. Interesting. J: And my father was, we call escriba. It’s a secretary. He did all the paperwork, you know, for that. G: Would you describe the village as mostly of peasants, farm people? J: It’s mostly peasants. There were some rich people there too. They owned a lot of land. They have money, but the majority I think I could say, they were, there were different ways with some people them days that they’re struggling to eat a piece of bread. G: Is that right. 16 �J: And others, like I was fortunate I never went through that. We never went through that. And there were some rich people, families. Not that many, because it was a rural town and all that. G: There were a few rich people, a small middle class, and then a large. J: A large, you know, poor people. G: Poorer people, yes. J: They work and all that, but I remember some of them really struggling to live, and of course their pay rate was lousy on those day. A lot of the people struggled. G: Was there any manufacturing, or any production of any goods there? J: In Ponta Garça, no. I think today, I’m not sure. Even today I don’t think. They have some, but it’s other parts of the Island even today, but they have a bunch, you know, that took them a while. Grocery stores, cafes. You know, you go there, and they have a lot of things to socialize and all that. G: What are your favorite memories of Ponta Garça? J: I was growing up with kids. You know, I had some friends there in the neighborhood, which was born together. Actually, I had quite a few friends, but there were two of them actually, yesterday with some friends here in Lowell we were reminiscing the things there. Because I was born on September the 4th. John Francis was born I think a week before me. And José Eugênio Quintal was born a week after me. And we, like I said, we played with the other kids, everybody, the three of us you know. G: What year was that by the way? What year were you born? J: I was born in 1942. I almost gagged on that. [Laughs] G: You went to school in Ponta Garça? J: I went to school, yah, in Ponta Garça. I don’t know if it was, must have been between six and seven, and I went to the four years of elementary school. But because, like I said earlier, my parents, you know, middle class, I did go to high school. I had to go to Ponta Delgada. G: Oh, you did, for high school? J: I did for high school. G: I see. How did you, did you take a bus there? J: No, I dormed there. G: Oh, you did? J: I lived there, but I was only there the first semester, because I did so bad in high school. It was a big thing from elementary school to high school. I went from a pretty good student to a 17 �dumb, dumb. And then I came to Vila Franca do Campo, which is a town close to Ponta Garça, and they had a smaller high school there, but it was the same thing. Actually, we call it Colégio in the Vila Franca, you know, college. But it’s not college. It means something else. And then you know, I was there. And like I said earlier, it’s okay. I don’t mind if I say that, because it’s, I’m talking bad about myself. I flunked the first year, and then I repeat it, and I was on my second year. And then I was doing good the second year. And I knew I was going to pass. I had to go, you know, if I pass and all that. But then we came here in May. So, I didn’t complete. But on those three and a half years, that’s when I learned French. It was mandatory to learn French. G: French? J: French. If I may say, I don’t know if you want this on record, on those days, if you go to high school, the first three years, no, the first two years you had to take French. From the third year to the fifth year, you had to continue French and learn English. G: Oh really, you learned English. J: It was mandatory. Everything was mandatory. And then from the fifth to the seventh years, which is the end then you go to the university, you had to keep the French, you had to keep the English. Then you had a choice, either take German or Latin. That’s the old days, but of course I didn’t get there. I didn’t even get to English because I was repeating my second year. G: Of course, yes. Did you have a favorite subject though in school? J: I was good in Geography. I was better in French than Portuguese believe it or not. G: So, you could both speak and write French? J: Pretty much. Not really that well, but I could. But Geography, I knew the whole map. You know, it’s a small country, but we had to learn even the railroad tracks through the country, and the stations. We had to learn that. We had to learn all the capitals, especially Europe, but in those days, I knew all the capitals of the world. Of course, in those days there were not too many nations like today. There were less nations. And I was good, and I liked it. History, I was pretty good too. I didn’t care too much, but I did learn somethings. Today I love history. G: When you were both young, growing up in the Azores, did you feel much of an attachment to Portugal, the Mainland? It’s government, it’s people? J: Yah, we were Portuguese. Over here we are Azoreans. And I know some people going back many years, you know, some high people, they say, “I’m Azorean first, and then I’m Portuguese.” But they were all Portuguese from the Azores. M: The Azores belong to Portugal. J: Well, there was Portuguese immigrants. M: All Portuguese. J: Now, I didn’t feel that in São Miguel, Ponta Garça. 18 �G: Yes, but you knew some people that did feel that difference. J: Yah, some people even today they’re Azoreans. M: Yah, they don’t want to be called from the mainland, you know, even though it all belonged to the same. J: Yah, I’m Azorean too, but I mean it’s not an independent country, even with the autonomy that’s been there for so many years. It’s still Portugal. It’s still a piece of Portugal. But some people like that, “I’m Azorean.” So, am I, but why brag it? G: It’s an interesting perspective. J: Yes, it is. G: Yes, very good. All right. Let me shift gears completely back to the U.S., to Lowell. And let me ask, where did you two meet? M: Through my brother, because he was very good friends with my brother. And he used to come to our house. J: I used to go to your house to paint with you. And then Jerry, sometimes they go to my house. M: That’s my brother. J: To eat with me and my parents. G: What’s your brother’s name? M: Jerry. J: Ludgero. G: Ludgero. M: Ludgero. But you know, when he came to the United States, he changed it to Gerry. It’s Gerry now. It’s easier than Ludgero. J: Okay, I will not interrupt. G: What year did you meet? J: 1960. G: Were you at Grace Shoe at that time? J: Yes, I was at Grace Shoe at that time. And Jerry, he worked at Grace Shoe too, or somewhere else? Or you came two years after I did. M: Yes. G: Maria, were you working at Grace Shoe as well? 19 �M: No, I worked at the Hathaway Shirts. After school, after I was done in school, because I couldn’t continue anymore, unless I wanted to, you know, to go to high school, but I wanted to go to work to make money. Yah, so I went to Hathaway Shirts. G: Hathaway, and you were sixteen at that time? M: Yes, I was almost seventeen when I went to work. So, I applied for that. Hathaway Shirts we used to make. They’re still famous. So, I worked there. G: I’m sorry, what year did you two meet? Do you remember? J: That I don’t remember. Like I said, we knew each other. G: It was in the 1960s though? J: It was in the ‘60s, because you came here in the 60s. M: ‘60s, yah, because I came in 60. So, it had to be. We got married in 1966. J: But I think I knew Jerry, because I was going to the Portuguese American Civic League Club, and then Jerry went there too. And I think it was there that we met. So, it could have been 61, because when you came here in 60, I think a few months later Gerry started to go to the club. He started to work. And then he chummed with other people. M: And then you used to come over to our house. And that’s how we met. J: I think Jerry and I, it could have been at the club, or at work. I don’t remember, but then I started going to her house. Yes, so we became best friends. G: Let me ask you, apart from the church, apart from Saint Anthony’s, was the Portuguese American Civic League the most important organization for you in Lowell? J: Most important? It was a place to go there, and chum with the young guys, you know, young kids, because I say that to many people. I grew up with a lot of kids my age and older from Graciosa, because in those day, and even today, no, today it’s not so much, but Graciosa I think was the number one, you know, people over here from there and Madeira, Madeiran people. Actually, São Miguel, when I came over here in 1958, was an older couple that my parents new them from Ponta Garça. And we were the second family when all of us came over here. G: What was the name of that family? Do you remember? J: I don’t remember the family. G: And what sort of things did you do at the Portuguese American Civic League? J: Play cards and have a beer behind the door. Just go there. M: Play pool probably? J: No, we didn’t have pool tables then. It was a Civic League, but by the time I came, then we understand before I came, they did have all the activities there, but it died down. But when I came, they still had the boxing gloves there. 20 �G: Did you know Arthur Ramalho? Ramalho’s Gym? J: I knew him by sight, but never really met much. G: Yes, he was big into boxing. M: Oh yes. J: I knew him a lot from the Lowell Sun. G: Okay. Let me ask you about Saint Anthony’s Church. You both started to go there not long after you arrived in Lowell, right? J: The Sunday after. M: We went to church right away you know as soon as we got here. J: Every Sunday. We didn’t miss church. M: Walking distance from where we lived, with me, you know, Whipple Street. G: You were just on Lawrence Street. J: Yah, we walked there. G: And you remember Father John Silva. J: He married us. M: He married us. G: Do you remember? What were your impression? When you first went to Saint Anthony’s what were your impressions of Father John? J: I don’t know. It’s a priest. We respected the priests there very much, and we just respect them. M: We didn’t think he was mean or anything. You know, he was our priest. J: Yah, he was our priest. M: We liked him. J: As I can remember, yah. G: I understand, I’ve heard from others, that he was very aware of the time, and it was very (--) M: Kind of strict. J: He was strict. He was strict in things, and sometimes you know, as a human being he exploded for no reason, though he shouldn’t, but then within minutes everything was fine again with him. He’d forget whatever he did. Yes, he did make some mistakes. I still make so many today. G: Well, we all do, right. 21 �M: We had that respect for the priest, you know. We didn’t, weren’t upset, or anything. It’s the priest, we respected them. You had to obey and that’s it. J: Both of the priests there, very, very much respected. We accept them. G: And he was followed by Eusebio. M: Eusebio, that was his cousin. G: Eusebio, thank you. J: They’re cousins. G: They’re cousins, and you got to know Eusebio. M: Oh yes, very well. J: Yes. Well, we became friends. But when we get to the Holy Ghost I’ll get there. G: Okay, we can hold off then. So, you got married in 1966. Were you still at Grace Shoe at that point? J: No, at that time, when Eddie was born in 69, I was at Simon Shoe. G: Oh, so you went to a different company? J: I worked in different shoe shops in Lowell. And one time, you know, I’d work on one for a couple of hours, and I went to the other one because I didn’t like it. Those days we did that. I remember working Scotty Shoe. I quit I think, I forget the one. Went to Scotty Shoe, worked there two hours. You know, it was sneakers we made there. And the smell, the rubber in the heat, it had to be in the summertime. I worked two days. I quit. From there the one by, your parents lived on the street. M: Not Nesmith Street, no. J: I worked in different shoe shops in Lowell. G: What was your job? What did you do at the different shoe shops? J: I did different jobs. I worked pretty much what we called then the Lasting Room. You know, the uppers come from the ladies’ department, and we put them on a form. And I did do different operations there through the years. G: In the Lasting Department. J: In the Lasting Department. And then pretty much in the end, when the shoe companies were getting, I was a foreman at Simon Shoe. G: Oh, you were a foreman at Simon Shoe? Did you by chance know Dimas Espinola then, because he was working also in the shoe factory for a number of years? J: I believe he did work in shoe factories. 22 �G: He was a foreman too. J: See, if I knew that, I don’t remember now. I know Grace Shoe was my first job. G: So, you wound up as foreman at Simon? Where was their factory by the way? J: On Market Street. It is the LTC [Lowell Telecommunications] on the bottom there for the worker. G: Yah, the Market Mills. J: The Market Mills, third floor? There was some other manufacturing there. G: Were there many other Portuguese working at Simon? J: Oh yah, there were quite a few Portuguese. A lot of Portuguese worked in shoe shops, different ones. And the ladies making dresses. Well, you made shirts. M: Shirts. J: But there was a lot of people in those days, you know, we all worked in shoe shops. G: What did you do at Hathaway? M: I was a stitcher. You know, the men’s shirt, you know, inside, I used to do the (--) There was the first filling. J: Seam. M: Seam, and then a second, I was doing the second. My sister used to close the sides, and I went over the second, you know, stitching. G: Were they almost all female working there? M: Mostly, yah. There were male, men there too. G: Some male stitchers too? M: Not stitchers. Mostly it was women, but they [men] were supervisors, or group leaders. G: The men were supervisors. M: Supervisors, group leaders, you know. And what do you call it? You know, carrying the shirts from one place to another. G: Were you paid by the piece rate? M: Piece work. It was piece work. The more I make, the more I made. G: Do you remember what your pay was roughly? M: I don’t know. A dollar, a dollar something an hour. G: A dollar something an hour roughly? 23 �M: Yah, I think so. G: And how many hours a day did you work? M: Eight hours, but a lot of times overtime. You know, we’d work overtime. G: Was it five days a week, Monday through Friday? M: Oh yes, the whole week. G: Joseph, what about you at the shoe company? Was it five days a week? J: It was five days a week, and I started at a dollar an hour. And I worked for that pay for either two, or something years, because if you don’t know how to speak well, or have somebody to, they wouldn’t give any, you know, up the rates. And then finally, I think I spoke up. By the time I could speak some English, but it takes a while for you to converse with people, talk with them like we are doing today. G: I do want to ask both of you about learning English but let me just finish up about for your work. Were they nonunion shops where you worked? J: Yes. They were all nonunion. M: No, I had a union. J: I had no union. G: International Ladies Garment Workers Union? M: Yah, Hathaway Shirts, and then later on Raytheon with the union. J: But the shoe shops we had no union. G: No union at all. Do you remember any attempts to organize the workers? J: Not the shoe shops. And later on, when I left the shoe business, I went to work at BASF. I worked there for twenty-two and a half years. And we tried. We, because I was involved, and we were not successful. G: Was there a vote to unionize? J: Yes, we had a couple of votes, and then it died down. But we couldn’t complain, because Raytheon had a couple of things that were a little better than us. The pay scale at Raytheon was better than BASF, but the benefits, we had the same and some were better than theirs. G: Where was the BASF Plant that you worked at? J: At Bedford. G: In Bedford. J: Bedford, Massachusetts. G: Were their quite a few Portuguese again, where you worked at Hathaway? 24 �M: Oh yes, there was a lot of Portuguese women there. G: Let me ask you again about learning English. And I think about how hard it is for me to try to learn Portuguese. M: It’s a hard language. G: So, you spoke no English when you came to the U.S. And how did you learn the language? M: I learned in school, the time that I went to school. G: At the Colburn? M: Yah, at the Colburn, yes. What I learned was there, whatever I learned. And then our neighbors from Whipple Street too. You know, the daughter of the Barbozas, you know, she had taught me a lot too. So, I learned from her, you know. G: Did you have a television set when you were little? M: Here? Yah, not when we first got here, but then we got black and white TV. G: Did that help you learn English too, watching TV? M: Yes, again, by watching TV, yah, we learned a little. But we learned with each other. G: More so with each other. M: Yes, with friends and stuff, that I hung around with, you know. G: How about you, Joseph? J: It was pretty much the same. Like I said, I did go to night school as I said. G: Yah, I wanted to ask you about your night school? Where was the school? J: Somewhere downtown Lowell. I don’t remember the building. G: Yah, somewhere in the downtown. M: Probably at Lowell High? No? J: No. G: I think there was an annex. J: Yah, it was an annex somewhere, but it’s on downtown. I don’t remember the address. G: What do you remember about your experience at night school? J: It’s a funny experience. I did go there. I didn’t know much. I could understand. I was starting to read, you know, I knew the alphabet. So, the first year in my school I did learn something. So, when I went in the second year, I was there for a couple of months, and I was doing well. You know, not like now we’re talking, but well enough that I never forgot that. There was an older Portuguese lady that went to night school a couple of months after night 25 �school started, and the teacher asked me to teach her the alphabet. I did that maybe three, or four nights. And then I said, “I come here to learn and I’m teaching?” So, I quit. And then at work, you know, some talk and this and that. And since we came here, and my father, we always had the Lowell Sun in our house. And when we got married, we still have it. I’ll cancel it once I’m over there. But I think I learned something from there. And if I may add to it, you know, with my school, and since you asked me. It was a year or so before BASF closed down, and by that time we had a lot of Asian people there. That’s when the Asians really come in. And BASF had paid teachers for anybody who wanted to go, who had to learn English, or like in those days a lot of kids quit school. They didn’t have high school. And they give us the chance to learn. We had, twice a week, a two-hour class, from 2:00 to 4:00. And our work hours were from 7:00 to 3:00. So, they would pay us that one hour and the other one I was out. So, I was there for a few months. By the time then my English was pretty good. So, I’m proud to say I do have the ring from Lowell High School. GED. G: G E D. You got your GED. Was that through BASF? J: It was through, yes. Well, we learned there. I went there. Then I had to go to high school. I applied to go there, and I went for the test there. G: What year did you get our GED? J: I think it was ‘90 or ‘92. I have the ring there somewhere. I do have a high school ring. G: Congratulations! That’s very good. J: Thank you. I am proud of that. G: Let me ask you both an unusual question. Do you dream in English or Portuguese? J: That is a good question. I think it’s mostly in English. G: Is it really? J: I think it is. M: Yah, me too. J: We speak Portuguese all the time. We have friends. G: To each other. J: To each other. M: To each other. All the time it’s Portuguese. J: When the kids are together it’s mostly English. And we have some friends that we go back and forth, English and Portuguese. G: But when you are together do you typically speak Portuguese exclusively? Or is it a mix? The two of you. J: Oh, the two of us, it’s Portuguese. 26 �M: When we speak, always Portuguese. G: Always in Portuguese. J: Sometimes we may put an English word there, which is pretty much common in Portugal today. The English has infiltrated Portugal culture, but that’s good. I got to pay attention to that. M: Pay attention in your next dream. G: In your next dream. Okay. J: That’s a great question. G: Let me ask you some questions about the changes to Back Central. And then we’ll talk about the Holy Ghost. We’ll wrap things up. But you said early years in Back Central it really was quite different. M: Yes. G: How do you think it’s changed over time? And please be candid. You don’t need to (--) J: Well, like I said, I am a proud Portuguese American. Portuguese by birth, and American by love. I’m proud to say that. And our neighborhood, you know, Back Central, it was nice and clean like I said earlier. The streets nice and clean. The house was a nice paint, and then flowers everywhere. But as the years went by, some got older, and they died. And now they’re the younger ones, like our kids, they moved out. G: Yes, your kids moved away? J: They moved away. M: One is in New Hampshire. The other one is in Salem, Massachusetts. J: And it happened to many families. So, when you move out, somebody moves in. And then we had other ethnic groups that came in. And unfortunately, it’s not all of them, no, no, because I am foreigner myself, but some of them have made a mess of Back Central Street. M: But it’s still not too bad. It’s still a good neighborhood. J: There’s still quite a few Portuguese there, older people, they live there. They’re not going to move out, but it is not the same. Even our parish is not the same. It’s too dirty and the whole thing. G: I was going to ask you about that too. But as far as the neighborhood goes, I do think people still generally consider Back Central as the Portuguese neighborhood in Lowell. J: Right, it is still considered that. There’s still a lot of us living there. G: But clearly it has changed over the years. Is there any particular time period that you can think of when you saw changes occurring more rapidly? 27 �J: That I cannot pin down. G: So, do you think it was a gradual kind of change? J: I think it was gradual. M: Yah, I think it was gradual, more gradual. J: Because as some of us move out. M: Because people moved out and others came in. J: And like I said, and I want this to be clear, it’s not everyone. G: Of course. J: Because I don’t want to say anything against. Even today, if I say too much everybody is going to know there’s an ethnic group that will trash everybody, treated them like trash. And I work with quite a few of them at BASF. Great workers. Clean people. So, it’s good and bad. Even the Portuguese had bad apples. G: Do you think, specifically the Portuguese American Civic League, has that changed over time, or is it still pretty much as you remember it? J: I think it has changed. M: For the better, I think. J: Well, you have to pay, and I don’t know. After we got married, I haven’t gone back. You know, after a year. G: You were less involved with it after you got married. J: Yah. And then we got married. I never really went back. I stopped paying my dues. I haven’t paid my dues for whatever years. G: I meant to ask you. There was of course the Civic League, and then the Portuguese American Center. J: Correct. G: Did you go to the Center much? J: No, I was never a member there. I’d go there here and there, but never went. Later years, not like, we were there, I was there last Thursday as a group of friends and all that. M: Yes. I think both clubs are doing well. G: May I ask you, what do you see as, what’s the difference if you will between the Civic League and the Portuguese American Center? J: The difference? Like today, I’m not sure, because I don’t see them. Like I said, I don’t go there much, but there’s no difference. 28 �G: There’s no difference. J: You go there to socialize with friends. Like the Center, every Friday night, they have dinners. They have entertainment. The Civic League, they have it there too. They have buffets like on Sunday. M: Which before they didn’t have it. J: I think I could be wrong on that. G: That’s okay. I just wondered what your impressions are. J: I could be wrong on that, but from what I see, like I say, from the outside, there was no difference. M: Before they never used to have functions there. Now they do. G: Which? At the Center or? M: Both, at both places, you know they’d have functions there, you know, weddings or whatever. J: If I may add to that, on those days there were not much functions. The only functions there used to be (--) M: No, now. I’m saying now. J: Now they have things there, they rent. Like Holy Ghost they rent some things for functions there. M: Yah, where before they didn’t. J: But you know, the bridal showers, and baby showers among the Portuguese people, they would go to the hall, church hall on Central Street. M: Yah, in those days, yes. J: On those days. G: Early in those days, yes. J: Early in those days. M: Yah, but now, not anymore. J: There wasn’t much, but the club was there just to go play cards and shoot the breeze. M: If you want to go for lunch there, you know, like today, I think every day they serve lunch. It’s like a restaurant. J: I think both clubs have lunches every day. M: You pick from the menu. 29 �J: It has changed a lot from that. On those days we didn’t have that. G: Right. Let me ask you about Saint Anthony’s Church. And how has that changed over the years? First of all, I want to ask you about Father Eusebio. So, what were your impressions of Father Eusebio? J: He was a good man. We were friends for a long time, but as Father John [Silva] and me, he’s human. So, he made a few mistakes that he was, he himself used to say that, and he was a great speaker, but a lousy administrator. G: Oh, I see. J: He used to say that himself. And that’s true, but never had any problems and all that, but you know, bookkeep and all that. And then over the years, actually the parishes are different than it used to be in Portugal even today, because they have the secretary for this, they got this and that. The maid. Everything is changed right now. G: Yes, all of that is gone. J: That’s all gone. M: They don’t have a maid. They don’t have a secretary now. J: I like Father Eusebio, and like I said, we’ll get more into that later on, but he was a good man. Human, like I said. I’ll leave it at that. G: And then I think it’s Father Ferreira then followed Father Eusebio. J: Yes. G: And what were your impressions of? J: He was a very good man too. He was very good. He did a lot to operate the church through the, you know. M: Renovate? G: Physical improvements? J: Improvement inside the church, because then the Concílio, what do you say that? M: The Counsel? J: No, no, I’m talking about Rome, you know, the church, the Pope. M: Vatican? J: Yah, Vatican Counsel? Back in the sixties they changed it. G: Oh, Vatican II. J: Vatican II. Thank you. 30 �G: Changing from Latin to (--) J: Yah, they change you know, the Sanctuary, everything was changed. It was supposed to be like it is now. And Father Ferreira was here, he was the Pastor, and with his knowledge and his things there, he did a great job. G: Was he a good administrator as well? J: He was a good administrator. As far as I know he was a good administrator. M: Yes, he was. He was a good man. J: But he did have others. G: He had help. J: He had help. Father John, and Father Eusebio, I’m trying to think. That’s going back a few years. I know Father John had a lady there, but to take care of him, the parish, the cook, you know. M: The cook. J: And even when Eusebio came here, I think he was pretty much alone at the rectory to do. M: Who? Father Eusebio? J: Father Eusebio. I don’t think they had secretary like that came on later on. They always had, I hate to use the word, the maids. M: Housekeeper. G: Housekeeper, yes. J: Housekeeper, right. Thank you. I don’t like that name. And then they went on, but I think Father Eusebio, you know, and Father Ferreira, I’m trying to think back. Who did he have? G: Do you remember in the 1970s when Cardinal Madeiros was here in Lowell? J: Yes. G: Was that one of the big events at the church do you recall? J: It was a big event. It was big, and then we went to Holy Ghost Park. I don’t remember. I think I have pictures of that. I’m not sure. I think we had a big day, and of course, you know, went to church. Was it a feast day? One of the feasts? It wasn’t a regular feast. G: I think it was. I thought it was. J: It was Holy Ghost? Maybe it was Holy Ghost? I remember that, but like some of the things, they’re recent, and some things I forget. But I believe on that album there’s pictures of us up there. But I remember speaking with him, you know, and all that. G: Yes. And I believe Father Glynn was the first non-Portuguese pastor. 31 �J: Correct, yes. M: Yes. G: And did you see some changes with Father Glynn at St. Anthony’s? J: Yes, there were some changes there, of course, but he was bilingual. He spoke Portuguese pretty well. G: I understand that he learned Portuguese. M: Yes. J: I think he went to São Miguel, I’m not sure, for a couple of years to learn. G: I think you’re right. J: I think it was São Miguel that he went. M: São Miguel and not the mainland? J: Not the mainland. He went there and he did, I think before he came here, he was in Cambridge. But at the time there, and the things there, yah, I want to say something right and a friend of ours, he knows. G: Did Father Glynn give services in Portuguese or English, do you recall? J: Portuguese. G: Did he really? M: He’s the one that married Debbie and Steve, right? Our daughter, but it was in English. J: Yah, it was in English. G: Oh, he married your daughter? M: Yes, in Gloucester. J: In Gloucester. G: In Gloucester? M: Yes, she wanted to be by the ocean. G: At Our Lady of Good Voyage Church? M: Yes, she wanted to be by the ocean. G: Nice. J: We had to go there. Ask Father Glynn. G: And Father Glynn? J: Yah, he did the whole thing. 32 �G: Very nice. J: The thing that I remember, I’m trying to remember the changes as you asked. G: Yes. J: Of course, the Portuguese Community was changing pretty much with our off springs. Going like from all Portuguese into English, which had to be done. Even today it’s not as much English as it should be, because we are dying, and our kids, a lot of them speak Portuguese, but they’re not, they’re Americans. M: But they’re not involved. J: English is their first language. And to go back to Father Glynn, he tried to introduce things like in English. Like to bring the young in. And he had some resistance from people that we were friends, good Catholics, good Christians, but they don’t want to see English in a Portuguese Church. And it’s still hurting today. M: The church is Portuguese. It should stay Portuguese. J: Everything had to be Portuguese. He couldn’t bring English in there. You’re in America! G: But you didn’t feel that way? J: No. Me and other friends, sometimes we still talk about that. Because I mean our own two children, you know, they’re fifty-one, fifty, whatever, the do speak Portuguese. When they grow up, you know, for a few years, Portuguese was the only language here. They learned English from Sesame Street. We didn’t teach them any English. But then, the long story on that, then English come in once we’re all together, especially with our son-in-law Steve, he’s American. M: So, we speak English all the time. J: It’s always English that we speak. G: So, when you were raising your children, when they were very little, were you always speaking Portuguese? J: Always in our house. M: Portuguese, and my mother used to mind them, and my mother didn’t know English. So, she spoke Portuguese with them. G: Wow. J: The first we spoke English with them. G: With your children? J: Yah, with our children, here in this house, I worked with this man, we became friends; he was a group leader, supervisor at BASF. And we were talking, and he came over here to do a family 33 �room downstairs. It’s still there. It’s not the same like it was. I won’t take you there. It was nice. M: It’s a storage room now. J: But anyway, he used to come here like most of the weekends, sometimes after work. He did carpentry. He did everything. So, when it was pretty much done, you know, they have, I think they’re still living, we haven’t seen them in years, two children, a boy and girl the same age as ours. And at the time Harry and the little one, they were eight, ten years old, around at the young age. M: Yah, about that. J: So, we had to speak English, because our friends and the family. G: And that was the first time you spoke? J: That was the first time we spoke English with our children in this house. G: Wow, that’s interesting. J: And then it started, and then they would speak English and we’d speak Portuguese back, make sure. M: But they can understand it. They can speak. J: But they don’t want to. They don’t speak. They speak well. They speak okay. I’m not going to say well, because they don’t speak well. I know other offsprings from friends of ours, they speak Portuguese. Ours don’t that way. They, the truth is, they don’t speak Portuguese correctly like they did as young kids. G: Interesting. J: It’s the truth. M: But they understand. G: I meant to ask you. So, you got married in ‘66. J: Correct. G: Where did you live initially? J: On Whipple Street. G: On, Whipple Street. J: Back Central. M: Whipple Street, not far from where I used to live. G: Okay. And were you renting the place there? M: Yes. 34 �J: We rented the place. G: Was it a two-family, or a single family? J: It was a two-family. We rented the first floor. And there’s like a garage underneath. It’s there. The house is still there. And the owners lived on the second floor. G: Okay. And then where did you live after that, after Whipple Street? J: Here. M: Over here. G: And when did you buy this house? M: 1969. J: A year and a half after we got married. G: Wow, pretty quick. M: Oh yah, not ‘69. Yah, a year and a half after. J: There’s a story about that too. M: A year and a half, yes. G: What’s the story? J: Well, the story is, of course in those days we used to pay rent weekly. And every Saturday, you know, Joe sometimes go to work and get the money, knock at the door. And one of them, either the husband or the wife, mostly the husband would come down, give the receipt. Everything was fine. So, one week Joe forgot to pay the rent. So, we went to church. After church, you know, a man, his name was Sam, they had died years ago, he was at our door waiting for us to come back. He wanted the rent. We knew it wasn’t him, it was his wife, but hopefully they’re both in heaven. So, I didn’t like that, because we’re there a year and a half, we paid, you know. A year and a half we didn’t have much money. That same Sunday I look in the newspaper. We saw houses. We came here, we liked the house, and we bought it. G: Interesting. M: Seventeen dollars a week, right? J: I forget the rent. M: I think it was seventeen dollars a week. G: The rent was seventeen a week? J: But the house was $17,500. G: Was that for this house? J: For this house. 35 �G: Seventeen dollars a week then, that was not cheap. M: No. In those days, no. But it was a nice house. J: It was a beautiful house. M: Nice apartment. J: That I have no idea how much we paid. Maybe it wasn’t that much. M: I think it was seventeen. J: Okay, it doesn’t matter. G: Anyway. So, Joseph, let me ask you about the Holy Ghost Society. And you told me some of this when we met a few weeks ago, but how did you first get involved with the Holy Ghost Society? J: Well, Father Eusebio got me involved. G: Oh, okay. J: I was already a member and doing things at the church. Volunteering at the church. Actually, I did run and I was the chairman of that big Feast, Our Lady of Loreto. Like I said, I was involved with the church quite a bit, and I was at the clubs years earlier. But Holy Ghost in those days, and the By Laws, they had a nominating committee. And today, long story. We won’t go there. So, Father Eusebio, who was one members of the committee came to the house and invited me to be vice president of the board. G: To the house? J: To the house here. We used to do that. You go knock at the door, a phone call, or whatever, I don’t remember the exact, but he did come over here, and he would like me to be on the board as vice president. I said, “Father Eusebio, vice president?” I was involved with the clubs, and like I said, the church, but not an organization like Holy Ghost is. I said, “Father Eusebio, I haven’t been on the board, this and that, but I know if the president fails for any reason, it’s the vice president that takes hold.” “Oh Joe, Manny won’t do that. Manny is not going to do it.” Because Manny was there for a long time. G: This is Manny Correia. J: Manny Correia. So, I was elected vice president in July. G: What year was that? J: 1974. G: You were elected vice president. J: Vice president with the rest of the board, and Manny was president, because he was repeating now two years. 36 �G: It’s a two-year term, is that right? J: Two-year term. It’s still the same. So much. We’ll leave it alone. So, when we had our first general meeting in September, so Joe was vice president for three months. I was involved, like I said, in different things, but not like that. So, Manny and one of the board directors (--) [Interview interrupted by phone]. G: All right. So, you were at this meeting. J: We were at the general meeting. The first one of the new year, the new cycle. G: Of the new year, September J: It was September. Today it’s different. They changed the whole thing. So, this starts to where I go back and forth, as of today, like so many years later, I think it was about the money in the bank. But nobody was stealing. It was something, maybe a report was done wrong. And they were going at each other, at each other, at each other. And then all of a sudden, they were yelling at each other. Manny gets up so quick out of his chair. I’m next to him. He reaches in his pocket a bunch of keys. He slams them to the table. “I know what I have.” So, he ran out the door with his wife. I was, “Manny, please come back.” He never came back. So, the next day I knocked at his door. He lived nearby here in Tewksbury. G: Oh, did he? M: On Whipple Road. J: Not too far from here. Manny, please come back. He never came back. So, I became president. G: So, you became the president. J: Thanks to Father Eusebio. G: By the way, at that time he was just assisting Father John Silva, correct? J: I believe Father John was still here. G: But he talked you into becoming the vice president? J: I accepted, like I said, for that reason. G: So, really when Father John Silva was the pastor, well there was sometime when you were with Holy Ghost, that Father John Silva was. Was there a close relationship with the church? J: Yes, very close. Actually, I’ll say something nice about Father John. As earlier we said, he was a human like I am. At one time I heard that from not really officially, that Cardinal Cushing wanted to annex Holy Ghost with the church. G: What did that mean by annexing? J: He wanted to make, you know, Holy Ghost part of Saint Anthony’s. And the Holy Ghost is independent. It’s a Catholic organization. We always worked very close. That’s the thing 37 �today. That’s all gone too. I hate to say that, but in those days, yes. We were very close. And Father John Silva told the board in those days, it’s before me, I wasn’t there, they said, “Don’t do what Cardinal Cushing wants, because if you do that, you’re going to lose Holy Ghost forever.” G: Father John said this to the members? J: To the members, to the Board of Directors there. G: To the Board. J: To the Board, he said that because the world, nobody knew. He knew better. Because when the church puts the clause in, it’s mine. G: Very interesting that Father John essentially went against the Cardinal, and said, “Don’t’ do this.” Interesting. When you were president what were the major activities of the Holy Ghost? J: Yah, different things and actually they’ll do so much, pretty much every weekend. The main one, of course, like it is today, it’s to celebrate Pentecost, and to honor the Holy Spirit. And since Queen Elizabeth, you know, she’s a saint, and she fed the poor. What we do today, it’s different than what she did. We give to the poor, but it’s different. So, we are honoring the Holy Spirit and Queen Saint Elizabeth. That’s what we do. And then that was the major thing that we did. But, you know, the membership, of course, wasn’t enough, you know, to keep the place up. We had Bingo every Tuesday night. I went there for the whole, you know, you had to go there. I mean the directors; we were all involved there. That was one of the main things. We’d have like a function here, like a dance, you know, something to (--) M: Occasionally. J: Yah, occasionally. It wasn’t really that many times. And actually, the Holy Ghost Feast in those days, it was always on Sunday, but a lot of people would go up. Today everything is different. You eat and then go home. And then we have, you know, festival the rest of the day. And a lot of people come up, and the kitchen would be open. We’d make some money on that. You know, we’d have band. G: What were the other festivals was the Holy Ghost Society involved with? They might not have run them, but they were involved events. Like Our Lady of Loreto. J: Like Our Lady of Loreto, like we said earlier, it’s the church that does that. And the festivities and everything related is done at the church, but then we go up there to dance, and the music, and sing, and eat, and all that. But the proceeds are, that has changed too. But the proceeds go to the church, and the church always paid the fee to Holy Ghost. But on those days, because it was a really non-profit organization, and through the years, you know, the Holy Ghost will make donations to the church, you know, the money would go back and forth. G: And so, but what were some of the other Festas? M: Didn’t they do Saint Anthony’s Feast up there too? J: Well, but it’s all church. 38 �M: That’s what he’s asking. G: No, no, but I was wondering. So, Saint Anthony’s Feast, that would also be. M: For many years it used to be up there, Saint Anthony’s. And when I came here until a few years, we used to have Our Lady of Fatima Feast. G: I wondered about that. So that was also at (--) M: At the end of July. And I believe we used to go up there too on weekends. The main three feasts from the church. G: Saint Anthony’s and then Pentecost, The Holy Ghost Festa. J: No, Pentecost, it’s Holy Ghost. M: It was Holy Ghost. G: Holy Ghost. J: We go to church, but it’s Holy Ghost. G: Right. M: Saint Anthony’s and Our Lady of Loreto, and I don’t recall if (--) G: Our Lady of Fatima. M: Fatima. J: The three of them. Our Lady of Fatima, I don’t remember. It used to be a smaller feast, and I don’t recall much there. Then it didn’t last long. It was a few years, then it got so small that (-). M: I think it was just Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony’s. J: Right. M: In those days. G: Okay. J: You want to find out how the Holy Ghost used to survive, right? That’s the question. What’s the biggest things? G: Well, the other thing I was going to ask you though, for example, with the Holy Ghost Festa. Were there a lot of similarities, how it was celebrated here in Lowell and the way it was celebrated back in the Azores? J: In my Ponta Garça, big difference. G: What was the big difference? 39 �J: Well, the big difference over here that make the big thing in a big community, and like back in Ponta Garça, the other village or towns, and the other islands, I have no idea how they celebrate. Actually, in my house, they used to celebrate and have like people that have the crown, and they go. The kids got crown and all that. And most of the people, then they go to their houses, and they invite their friends and all that. It’s not a public thing like they do over here. G: I see. Okay. J: I think today some of them are doing something similar to here. G: So, it was a more private kind of, yah. J: It was a more private celebration. G: But there was a procession though, right, at Ponta Garça? J: They would do a procession. They go in procession to the church, and then back to their home. G: So that was similar. J: That is similar to this way. It’s the dinner that could be, but the rest of the church services exactly the same thing. But those there, like the procession, you know, the people that had the crown, they invited their family and friends. M: More private, not public. J: And that’s it. Over here it’s public. All the processions are public. M: It’s mostly all the members. J: The church feast today, like is still today, in other church is public. So, when they have a procession, even another town that wants to go, they go. There’s no invitations there. But the Holy Ghost Feast, Pentecost, yes. G: So, this is a funny thing too. I just remember from talking to Dimas Espinola about this, but at some point, in Lowell, The Holy Ghost Society introduced the bull in part of the festival. Do you remember the bull? J: I remember the bull. G: Was it just one bull? J: There’s a lot of bull about that. [Laughs] G: Was there more than one bull, or was there just one bull? M: I think it was one. G: I thought it was just one, right? J: I think it was just one, and to be honest, I didn’t go that much for the bull fighting. 40 �G: Was there a bull fighting, or was it just? J: No, no, it was just run the bull there in the park there. G: But wasn’t the bull running down Central Street as part of the? M: I don’t think it was Central Street. J: No. Everything was at the park. G: Oh, the bull was at the park. J: The pull was at the park, and they had the rope. You know, they had an arena there. It’s something like they do in Terceira. M: Another tradition from back home, you know. G: Was it from Terceira that that bull would have been introduced? J: The tradition is from Terceira, and Dimas was born in Terceira. And I’m not sure. I don’t want to say things that are not true, but I believe he’s the one who brought that bull fighting, the bull run to Holy Ghost. M: Running of the bull. J: When he was president, I’m not sure of that. He’s the one who can answer that question. That I don’t remember. G: But it’s interesting that it was something that was from Terceira. J: It is from Terceira. G: That it’s imported, briefly, for a few years. M: It’s a tradition. J: Graciosa has some of that too. M: But mostly it’s Terceira. J: And they had (--) M: Running of the bull? J: Well, that’s another on the streets. M: Yah, running of the bull. J: But the arena. What do they call that? Yah, really bull fighting. Both islands have it, but Terceira is much bigger. M: Yah, it’s the bigger. J: But they’re the ones that is out on the streets with the long robe. They have the guys, you know, holding the bull and the whole thing. 41 �G: I wanted to conclude with just asking you your view today of the Holy Ghost Society, and even of the Portuguese in Lowell. So, what’s happening today with the Holy Ghost Society? Its membership is older? J: Is the what? G: Is the membership generally older now at the Society? J: Well, there’s a lot of us, you know, what we call vida membros, you know, life members. G: Life members, yes. J: Life members. There’s a lot of older people, and but it’s still, like we were talking to one of the ex-directors. I think they still have around four hundred paid members. And the life members, because I did become, the things that are up there, I did become a life member after I became president. But we always donate something. But it’s this, but today because, you know, the house is getting older and there’s a big project coming up, they have things going on almost every weekend because they need that to raise the money. Those directors, they work hard. They work hard almost every weekend. And sometimes they have Friday, Saturday, and Sundays. All the people. People that rent every month, they go there. G: This might not be an easy question to answer, but what do you think is the future of the Holy Ghost Society? J: I hate to put it this way, but I’m going to. If they don’t straighten up as of today what’s going on up there, it will not last long. I hate to say it, but I want this to be, because things are not good as of today. G: Is it more financial, or is it also cultural? J: No. It’s cultural. I think it’s greed of some of the board members. They don’t get along. They want to show off. They want to be the, and it’s pretty bad. M: Center for attraction. J: Actually, two members of the board, it’s okay, I’m going to say that. Two members of the board, they were presidents before, each serve one term, and they quit last week, the week before, because of their clashing going on. I don’t want to mention any names because it’s not right. G: That’s okay. What was the clashing about? J: I think it’s something cultural like you said, but I think it’s, I don’t know, they want to do better, but they don’t do it. If somebody suggest something they don’t accept it. It’s their way, or no. Either their way or the highway. How does that go? One of those things like that. G: Yes, my way or the highway. J: My way or the highway, thank you. And I believe it. And unfortunately, they are all great workers, but somehow, there have been hundreds that have quit already. The board that’s there today, and it hurts. Because I’ve been involved with that for so many years, and when I 42 �see this going down the hill. And of course, a lot of the young people, they don’t want to be involved in that. G: A lot of the young people don’t? J: We still have a lot of young people there, which you know, and some of them immigrants, but not too many. They’re all off springs. Why don’t they get along well? I don’t know why. I’ve been told, like you said, culture. It doesn’t look good. G: Well, this might not be uplifting either, but let me ask you about the future of Saint Anthony’s Church. How has that changed in recent years? J: It’s not going well either. It’s not going there. And I can be on record too. G: Sure. What do you see, or what’s changed about Saint Anthony’s? J: What changed about that, you know, of course through the years, you know, like every church around the world, it’s been declining. Okay. And, of course, Covid did a terrible job over the world. But our present day today we have, there’s two people. And Father Sannella, I don’t mind going on record, he is our Pastor. But we have Deacon Carlos, he’s a one-man band show there. He does everything. Seems like he doesn’t want anybody. There’s some things here to do, he ask a few people to do this and that, but he does the whole thing by himself. He’s running the parish by himself. G: Do you think that’s by choice, or does he have no real option? J: That I don’t know. M: We have no idea. J: Because I have a lot of respect for Father Sannella, and what I know of him personally, he is a good person. We are good friends. We get along well. I just don’t know what’s going on, but Deacon Carlos is pretty much by himself. Even to decorate the church, and in the recent few months he painted the whole Sanctuary. G: He did himself? J: He did it himself. He had this father there. One time I went there with a friend of mine, you know, Saint Vincent de Paul that I’m involved there. He is way on top of the ladder by himself. Oh, my father was here. He just went home for this and that. I mean, Jesus right there, and then he can break his fall, but he could break his neck. We were petrified. I saw that. I didn’t even go there. M: We just don’t know what’s going on. J: So, I don’t like the future of our parish. M: I think they should have like a secretary. J: Because I believe when you live alone, you will die alone. And our parish, I hate to say it again, our parish, my parish is dying, because not one man alone to run the whole parish. He 43 �does all the rectory work. He has a couple of people during the week to do something in the church. M: Yah, on Thursdays he has a group of ladies to clean the church. G: Has the number of communicants at Saint Anthony’s dropped? J: Yes, it has been dropping. M: Yes, it has dropped, yes, a lot. J: But I don’t see much being done to bring people back. Like I said, I’ll repeat, Covid did a lot of damage, but through the years we had another priest over here, you know, years ago. G: Father Hughes? J: Father Hughes, he did do a lot of damage to our parish. It’s no secret. It’s not a secret. He did a lot. We still see some of it. Would you go back? Oh, I’m going here. I’m going there. I’m okay there. G: Did Father Hughes give the services in Portuguese, or was it always English? M: English. J: He did learn to read Portuguese. He did learn, but he would read the mass in Portuguese. G: Oh, I see. J: He learned a lot to read, but to make conversation, he didn’t know that well. G: This is a small point. I just want to ask. I understand that there have been over the years a small number of Brazilians at Saint Anthony’s, but never really any large number. J: No. There’s a story about that. That’s one thing, one big mistake that Father Ferreira made. When the Brazilians started to come to Lowell, they approached us. What we heard and it’s pretty much true, they approached Father Ferreira, because they wanted their service to be in our parish. But they wanted to have their masses separate from us. G: Do you know why that was? J: Right, but they’re Brazilians. They have their own culture. M: They wanted to have their own identity. G: Interesting. J: Like we are Portuguese, we want our identity. They wanted that, and Father Ferreira denied them that. M: It’s the same language. G: Father Ferreira wouldn’t do it. 44 �J: He wouldn’t do it. So, they went to Sacred Heart. And then there’s another story about that, with some of our parishioners. When Sacred Heart was dying, and I think it was Father Glynn at the helm at the time, the parishioners were supposed to come to our church, you know, the “Americans”, and the Brazilians were there. And everybody was coming. But they had a big meeting. Everything was planned. We’re going to have a big procession from there to here. And they had a big thing there. I don’t know the whole thing, but I’ve heard, and some of our members, they did so much, they didn’t want any people, other churches to join us. They were Portuguese. And some of them, were American-born, Portuguese descent. M: I was for it. J: Great workers for the church. So, when Sacred Heart parishioners heard that, they wanted nothing to do with Saint Anthony’s. G: I see. They didn’t feel welcomed. J: Correct, they didn’t feel welcomed. So that’s when they came over here to Saint Marie’s, Holy Family. M: Saint Marie’s now. They were welcomed there. G: Interesting. So, that was a kind of a watershed moment. J: Yes, it devastated our parish. Had they come to us we’d be sitting on gold. G: Do you remember when that was roughly? J: I don’t remember the year. G: It was the late ‘90s though, wasn’t it? M: Yah, probably. I think so. J: It could have been. It’s been a few years. G: I don’t think anybody has ever written about that. J: I don’t think it was much publicized. There was a friend of ours, like I said, some of the things he (--) G: Because I thought Father Glynn had an assistant who was Brazilian. That’s what I recall meeting this fellow who was from Brazil. J: We have had, you know, a few assistants from Brazil, and I think even Father Hughes did. He had a few of them. G: Oh, Father Hughes too? J: I think the first one, Father Pedro was there for a while. M: Oh yah, Father Pedro. J: He wasn’t with Father Glynn? Like I said, Tony would know all these things. 45 �G: Okay. Was Father Pedro with, was that with Father Glynn? J: He was here. He was assistant to our Parish. And the Brazilians were not with us. It could have been, like I said. But even though Father Glynn spoke Portuguese, but I don’t know if it was Father Pedro. Like I said, there’s things like I told you before. Tony would know all these things. G: Let me conclude. Thank you all very much. This is very wonderful. Thank you. I wanted to ask you just about one specific thing relating to the Portuguese in Back Central, and the Prince Pasta Plant. And because I first met Father Glynn at this time. I first came to Lowell. And the Prince Pasta workers were on strike. J: Right. G: But part from the strike then, the corporation that bought the plant shut it down. And so, Father Glynn was very active in trying to drum up community support. And by the way, then Congressman Meehan, and Senator Kennedy, really, they actually came to Lowell and rallied on behalf of the workers, and many of them were Portuguese. I just wondered if you remembered any of that? J: I don’t. M: I don’t remember. J: I read about that a lot, but as being there, as a matter of fact, you know, the University of Lowell had something down there at the mills at downtown, Foot of John Street. M: Market Mills? Not Market Mills. G: No, the Boott Mills. M: Boott Mills. J: Boott Mills, thank you. That you know, Martha’s mother, mother-in-law, she was (--) Remember there was a session at the Boott Mills, and she spoke, your sister spoke? She was very much involved on that in there. And I heard things there. And I was there, you know, we used to go together. Where was I? G: Well, I don’t know. J: I ask that, where was I? I don’t remember any of this. G: Okay. J: I remember reading things on the paper, the whole thing, but there’s things on my life that is blanked. M: I don’t remember. G: Because the one person that I met who was a Prince Pasta worker and was with the union, was Nomesia Iria. 46 �M: That’s the one. J: That’s the one, the lady. M: That’s Décio’s mother-in-law. That’s the Rodriques’mother-in-law. G: Oh really! Wow, I didn’t know that. J: Were you at that presentation at the Boott Mills? G: I was. I was part of that too. M: Oh really? J: And she was there. G: Well, you know something, I hadn’t seen her in about twelve years, and that was the first. I was wonderful to see her again. She vaguely remembered me. J: So, you knew her from that night? G: In 1997, 1998. She was remarkable I have to say. J: She was, you know. She spoke there. We knew her already in the family and all that through friends, and the daughter. And when she started speaking, I said, “Whoa! Good for you.” I was proud of her. G: Wasn’t that impressive though? M: Yes. J: It was! I was so proud of her. G: She was wonderful. J: I was there, and you were there. Wow. G: I was too. I’m sorry we didn’t meet. M: Yes, I know. There were so many people. It’s hard to know everybody. J: Yah, you were involved with the university for a while. G: Well, thank you very much. M: Oh, you are welcome. Interview ends. 47 � https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/9e198bc5b7f588bc86461fdb252628f9.mp3?Expires=1777507200&Signature=t%7E1vTmWp%7E5cyC5HYoZ1v0WsI9rH8j9ZczsIM7mHT4nYDL3BMh%7ErhBfL1-XV8xxy%7ETRikSZ750aWTI91CR0Zn2aVCbiRncY-Tv92E9nOpY5Fs2Gmng01WXiJRs0C%7EjESgh6Fiqa7F3I%7EYh-3IJKCiGKJPF6S1m-wgIyyrmqVK3-S0QQsiLzKczc6hfvBc2UFs-ZVVS-X3RCPtraUSXxfqUUjRXGn5s2sk3sBSJYIQ9FIFLCt1qEce3gBilEpNUa6coz7s%7EDL9VKMyCHRxbuqIHTAVN3O4fG2O63RvzU3q4npGjtzWeFNxuJkndJVBY6mjo%7EY1%7ETCs7wjIOR81K62Bvw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7bd4fe45ec1b87dbc8258abecd4f10b7 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/9ed63f787fdb963916a7ed85d4ee108b.JPG?Expires=1777507200&Signature=S%7EF40FPWEVKpVWJsyY7ToD%7EO3S4w1FO4gb5o-jNeSt-NvH3sAOI4cRRo15sZjaNw-RvrtEWbvX7EQa%7E4si%7ExeQhtK%7E5NQuwcgWFRX2yAi5oRpX3SE9nG%7Eu6RU5-7WI7TW%7Ef2YndjZCKxMmVrtY8ZY3Y4uTqBZxJYbYtb1327BfDzvdjcDsnc2J-uG5WvpgTfY07BBdF-8ZGILBIg5fWU%7EVU09S2DitY%7E8sc2uMZiYOkPMF8reOe703s4qVkhZRYeADGadIndgpjuOQ-b1naOnvIAemAEZUIIfASCqsP%7EiuJUlLheJw8srJW7ScebJcnTanTsC7dBafBHa9KLE%7ErFug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c2db55cdd8e7189ecc0d11d15ec614d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UMass Lowell Portuguese American Oral Histories [1976-2018] Description An account of the resource These oral histories with Portuguese immigrants and their descendants in the Greater Lowell area were conducted between 1976-2016. Topics covered include the experience of immigration, working conditions, family life, and more. These oral histories were funded by the Lowell National Historical Park, the American Folklife Center, and UMass Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Children of immigrants Cultural assimilation Mills and mill-work Portuguese American women Madeirans World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States. Navy. Factories Education Depressions--1929 Immigrants Christmas Immigrant families Ethnic food New Year Balls (parties) Community organization Civic leaders Baking Bakeries Bakery employees Tradition (Theology) Music Ethnic neighborhoods Boardinghouses Folk dancing, Portuguese Music teachers Civil engineering Urban renewal Park facilities--Planning Fasts and Feasts Portuguese language Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Engineering Religious gatherings Police Portugal--Emigration and immigration Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Dance teachers Female impersonators Entertainers Musicians Suicide Cleaning compounds Tenement houses Rug and carpet industry Entrepreneurship Irish Americans Politics and government City council members Campaign management Community development, Urban Music--Portuguese influences Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Priests Code switching (Linguistics) Soccer Cooking Composition (Music) Portuguese teachers Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Fathers and sons Bars (Drinking establishments) Desegregation Military bands Track and field coaches Language teachers Brazilian Americans Bullfights Bullying in schools Conflict of generations Earthquakes Evening and continuation schools Volcanos Meat industry and trade Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 Christmas cooking Community schools Marriage Radio programs Sewing Angola--History--Revolution, 1961-1975 Agriculture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Document Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All items can be found at the Center for Lowell History in Lowell, MA. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Manchester (N.H.) Graciosa (Azores) Capelinhos Volcano (Azores) Faial (Azores) Lawrence (Mass.) Terceira Island (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Madeira (Madeira Islands) Pico Island (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Azores Hudson (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Denatale, Doug Fertig, Barbara Fitzsimons, Gray Holden, Maria Miller, Marc Norkunas, Martha Page, Paul Perkins, Carole MacDougal Reis, John M. Spandagos, Olga Strobel, Christoph Szewczyk, Kimberly Taylor, David Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maria and Joseph Mendonça Oral History Interview Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023-02-03 Description An account of the resource This interview focuses on several major themes: (1) Portuguese immigration from the Azores to Lowell, as part of the “second great wave” of Portuguese immigration to the United States, beginning in the late 1950s; (2) experiencing the Capelhinos volcanic eruption on the island of Faial, beginning in 1957; (3) adjusting to life in the United States, notably in public schools prior to the advent of bilingual education; (4) Portuguese institutions in Lowell notably St. Anthony’s Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Ghost Society, as well as in the city’s Portuguese social clubs.<br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note:</strong><br />Maria Rosa was born on the Azorean Island of Faial in 1945. She was one of four children (two brothers and a sister) and grew up in the village of Flamengos, a short distance from Horta, in a four-room house constructed of stone. Her father operated a small farm. She attended the public school in the village completing her education through grade 4. In 1957, when Maria was 12 years old, the Capelhinos volcano on Faial erupted, an event that altered the lives of many Azoreans. In the United States, Congress passed special legislation liberalizing immigration for all Azoreans.<br />Aided by a Portuguese family in Lowell, which sponsored Maria and her family, the Rosas departed Faial in 1960, arriving in Boston and then traveling to Lowell, where she, her parents, and her siblings settled in the city’s “Back Central” neighborhood. Maria entered the Lowell public schools, attending the Colburn School in her neighborhood. Despite the difficulties with having to learn English without any formal support by the public schools, Maria completed her studies at the Colburn and then at the Butler Junior High School. At the age of 16 she received a work permit and obtained a job at the Hathaway Shirt Company that operated a clothing manufacturing firm in the old Hamilton Mill. She met her husband, Joseph Mendonça, in Lowell and married him in 1966. Maria subsequently worked at the Raytheon Corporation and had a son and daughter.<br /><br />Born in 1942 in Ponta Garça on the island of São Miguel, Joseph Mendonça moved to the United States at the age of 15, settling in Lowell with his family. His father had been born in Fall River, Massachusetts, in 1905 and therefore had U.S. citizenship, despite returning to São Miguel when he was quite young. Joseph attended a public school in Ponta Garça before entering high school in Ponta Delgada. Upon moving to Lowell, he was placed in the Butler Junior High School, but when he turned 16 he received a work permit and entered the employ of Grace Shoe Company, one a several shoe manufacturers in the city. For a number of years, Joseph worked in the shoe industry, while marrying Maria and beginning a family. He eventually attained a high school degree and began work at BASF Industries. Joseph and Maria were active parishioners at St. Anthony’s Church in Lowell as well as in the Holy Ghost Society. Joseph served as president of the Holy Ghost Society in the 1970s. They lived for a number of years in Lowell’s Back Central neighborhood before purchasing a house in South Lowell. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzsimons, Gray Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Brazilian Americans Bullying in schools Bullfights Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Children of immigrants Code switching (Linguistics) Conflict of generations Earthquakes Ethnic neighborhoods Evening and continuation schools Factories Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Portuguese American women Priests Volcanos Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Faial (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Interview conducted through the Saab Center for Portuguese Studies at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Mendonça, Maria Mendonça, Joseph Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Image Text Grace Shoe Factory Hathaway Shirts Holy Ghost Society (Lowell, MA) Portuguese American Center (Lowell, MA) Portuguese American Civic League (Lowell, MA) Saint Anthony's Church (Lowell, MA) Simon Shoe https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/99a6bef1aceb673e66886ac940d22428.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=ZtiDPPT5G1Yn208R35bo8g9GLiK1%7E09VFKycHjRDXkfK4TDdzd5-dFcYxlK0KjFHo4UlT-aYxGT2x2ojRMsI0e39sYoQ2pvM7YQSmzMgODtXuxDH9pouozf%7Egu7hXdithod8jyVZi-XhhSZBaYLkfoMRgdZsWwxy1Y7HC5PyagZV4fBdYaKFggJ6p6LAT4ZJbmXhdNm0SskwA0gdZwDsVDDxBqqrLFrO4IyRa6HTG9ylA-mcPAmhorfnApuwoHHcrXr0rWvO13AHkd0gBt3%7Ef86JgvB5vobtlkgMTP08V8fzpOIDLpf3ZxhrXywETbdBuOzsJfm7jlbg7e23F8119w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f8f73bb03952972345fc15162a85701a https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/82fb9e043377d5fd5f88c8faacad39e7.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=JJE02udY1KdC0V8cdjSJlr5hVoAVz2666JNIf4jHgnw4Z2vgB7JvAI7C0%7E-mH%7Ez3SzvO4YUw%7EwkDLP8TSN9vVn%7E8fVPZMbATzMYoofbBeWgRmtKO18hjlZlTxIVrqmi%7Ee4NUQurABDYazxMBv2HjI0z3yZd8171SSt6yykKUklw%7EOHJKT1wARZ%7ET9AAhFYhMZP98kUUYjl9Hrz3QMaVb-3FtT2kGHlxc6rAIUos-iGioRabdNrW0xVwKrvr-CfkDWkouwrbgP81X6g4MOdSY1Qlwh7zu-Vjqf2v-XZvu-f7zy3re28D8aWklIlFduSzn7HB8ZAp6w-M1PZQFCfopOQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa2e9341bd2976b97a24185dd11719b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Employees at Old Mother Hubbard Subject The topic of the resource Factories Description An account of the resource (left to right) Tom Scott - Executive Vice President, Jim Scott Jr. - President, Joe Sousa - Plant Manager, Dick Johnson - City Manager, James Scott Sr. - Chief Executive Officer. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pigeon, Michael Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-02-14 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 5, Folder: Business--Old Mother Hubbard A. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_OldMotherHubbardA_001_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/ad250e133525c01badd5793e326a6457.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=FW6dkLzEMcQPmOU63czSlRMVPCrw-Wk0qNF6IEfEjv7myAqR5OpoxfTY3wLmym7rQjLPDQEq-Y%7ELbXvrvufeFpHLWCgM5yRJoEUYnkD1RMqbswfSuIoUTTFz6u%7EirdC3OOphXVno44s8vTlWFia5j537cwKxENGeoygBKPBpxkbLgPt5Spp0o8TJy9oOXnYXxEej7FY9L218dKbOjvnk3F3P3wpPsolQ98%7EVEcJAvRUg2EgVb-StXrfZ7KrTiv86-c%7ElyP9QN9hCD3P-RYjvA6S33IZ6CA2z3sy2xlVzj0PPvsrjLSd-uRCxl3EtWO%7EXBJhO-DeXSLDfwLuQuAAD5g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6ee52d5a823c5fd1898f6ee38207c8b4 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/38ece4a82d2f5d7c04df8bb4baf999b6.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=guTkAgAi8%7EaNro9Sus6Ssx7rTEgLf8HacvSIGgOq1hPcghY81DqYY-DTrPpo5dDbC3wtoPz2IgoE4vpQEvlqqyJTFVO3WkJ3pEmirz0LKFecE6eup8%7Exg28JPouxeS8bJwtQO3qjr6q44MtCY3e3vVt0s83xTcgpdBAZW76HvPsksYHndBYpwZn0FE26WnK3QADS3WmlvGmtERPWhJm626QyjSw1XzjWL1%7Ed-I3YyEbxR9imbCEF5xqeGdozhh-6V1Hb8bWnE9cKfIjs5HdccbDbT-nP4GoQe3svSgMK0lHGFwjWNrqnL0RLAiz-tzsS3tMFSHhXt2B5KkONzSGc%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5939ed5f069c8c82bdad0855ce5ebe64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fernando Santos finishing kitchen countertop at Marblecraft, Inc. Subject The topic of the resource Factories Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hunt, Richard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-08-11 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 4, Folder: Business--Marblecraft Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_Marblecraft_001_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Nashua (N.H.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/fe1cbb3e893f362604a7b86f9e831d78.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=h0nrBUqXZy98SUDlnFbJAAKmuHfy-M7LMzzxSTKpaP02ndaEGLwlLxO8oliK3qeyNdQm7qgQJHF0vR%7E5e2ct7Bwa7yU9zbEJlfinW%7EvbSgi9XR2zMG5jz7Up85-VSt%7E8jqRgRduE1hxoZLYKYtpESN71x9blhYPjoR39Pq2VSL37CEshCWk4pzB2moYwjiQGn%7EI-dpU2xt-f2OYogMpn9uBC%7EAftk9ev%7Etc2N-Wz44ywInK1du%7Ei%7EGUTOV5xQCujLaoMX0Kmza%7ExoxRsHqdjx28502dLAXOWVl-fncfihywa8vZRFu%7EaM8rRuAh6jdA0mAFscqbtHiqYYFMKJRI54w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7a9db98dd42b3f734760cf6b5cd4d050 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/91bcf7e006780e1a539e150f25c402a0.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=D-nPAJpoQG3PfzdUmxjahk9DKbuBPjxIGa4F13YVQHuW27GE30ZMIkdj8gD9sONtLmQK8IzbUly4O2zt0jXzJPMXwXOQhQiJ5GnQD9Y6OcWbb0Tm9qZcEuM3rnJubZwWRmlt66VTcsGGYWRLj%7EBDCeL1Nse4TJmhOHInVPPF6V6sb8GVyarZwltnbswCdeFkYfo%7EYcapaXTt8JWbeocLrYaMkA8ayPNI-4AkZ8x7KQJE0PTejwDFsuU%7ElJaXNb-3NOlXJjmhuyyANYESLEtAXbwLmS4kKRQwSErvR8549rp07lL9QwTMjGPVtfuazm6KR0oeeOzx49YMXw08CW797g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fbdfe764707cdf43e016965e5bb40eef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carlos Silva on a flexo folder gluer Subject The topic of the resource Factories Description An account of the resource At Interstate Container in Lowell, MA. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pigeon, Michael Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-07-16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 3, Folder: Business--Interstate Container. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_InterstateContainer_001_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/92806ffe3b88595c947fd69fbec1d1eb.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=AypJFmp1l8Y5bqYM%7ErAFpDjBhN2MxtmTU2pKXCiV3FoSxdkajK%7EWClb6nduFhqD-m1TlNIc86e%7Ef66CykrD5FUCrVSc2M%7E31owVzohWn3MQrO814vPsMYS1FbIapUnJKAq008Z-gRmH0c84h4PMMf-CR5Q7O4SWyJzsnxWfkOP986IAsFEDQ6x9jXCrKvEtJgiwBRf3rXZt6Ymvv9eqGR9SYgbEpQzpZspuZJ7vjl53TOWphMo%7E6QkLQcoa3xTo8fCrBBfFPbH09kq%7EQO0ds9DPjFWF1qNAsa7CEeveyRgx0WhxnN0i523tI-giBRp0PLo%7EY-Z5fC-LZuxLOy3MZhw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0c39f3e89826e35fb35766a515ec0577 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/7eed7100089272b69c738d1f45d603fc.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=l47HcucXW2yFViDJXLgPsX1j2gjDvchdxixJx8FnSyHg4dqWwr85QU2oIkhzyRmqQfQAOgw5aXLZDRgEAbYQP8OdyAmL3V--kI6qogUVXenraKbtKVcbBgTqvMUiJvt8ZD%7EYyXNr2ynxRVXG4hzmRAoKYd9VbYC%7EHCzYdAWZYcL-jjTU0M9%7ELbPomm2bb6560LIC15QC%7EsyX1k9DbLYBa2qj1CLRovyx4MpbYJg5Lo3U0KHLjsVVFyunQZFZNvkpZAfgZTatqf%7EDHsFE33ujY5WRV2fBSO6BujcwJph7CVlw4GwOAI9rAZtynn-dn6AHgSrSuvPP5hVBW67ODEqwWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2cf862df80149a6e7fb30d3428fb53e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Al Mello mounting a printing plate Subject The topic of the resource Factories Description An account of the resource At Interstate Container in Lowell, MA. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pigeon, Michael Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-07-16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 3, Folder: Business--Interstate Container. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_InterstateContainer_002_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/cd23160d3e0a55815314f4204c3ab157.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=Vr6GNmzOLI34wiC0kXPtAfsTOHczqOE9RbfC56jnK%7E3mwaQRdZV%7EUmLRJAxpD1msIveCg1ILcFZOIAKXBUCHevEQD9i27Nn0mSp7G9BYBMoTLHknZ7XRjfo8yeQ-FF218D%7EN%7ED4cLNTp0FPYLuu7xTG21C0p6RgvVa3d77BnZ3A39HPk3UesdCszQzeM4%7E42eaSSkV2Ic2PiVYwVr2MIW5-yagVmONyJ31uIj3najpjphbw%7ElqHbIeG622eWF2yWifrpesASDg4HKI93Tl0RrbzyAuWq7MtarU%7EKRRMKK6OQR%7E5WJSGtsOQrzoeALCffmCTS6MWKHmpAv9yY%7E73Pog__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM dcd7c0713d192509642884d26cc927a3 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/f716e769fad6a728f9cace8dc92673ef.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=RsESzcbju8NWdJBpLNMfTQAgs5J3muE05HLrb1N1MGS1e7ixTYo2HAWEqZzWm09zxm6UVDb9imItivIBjtNDdGPqmwkUmkgn6EOyme8JVuadEqpkarv3Ln-TGLxgNiOfJKhry4%7EZ-t3lHCw06bqor0Mq3GtjRasjjUCx7g9hxWFxwHmH0puH-H-CnftmVlOH76AP9UtmHNaKChXGmPz0MYqJi8NRQZRY-VRcsEkLaO69Z8FhYCn-J-ori6b6-t2eGtrf0U9ECXDBvxSKoC3m8IKOP7gqonDR6KA1zulHmWmt%7EYhGLegaqPRijiOUZV4mwLS5XCDlsLyygYAvranNOw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6f48d247321a9df8184f794835784f08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lucinda Valente stitching at Lowell Lingerie Subject The topic of the resource Factories Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-10-10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 4, Folder: Business--Lowell Lingerie B. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_LowellLingerieB_002_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/7e73ea080da9994ea2b46a1f6579e1c3.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=soTRcde1y-50naBlKFId4pMaLk-7n6H7igMfA2R34TUVtLKC9o23uBu%7Ey2jbSa2V8%7EMQT0Xs6J8-cH5MeL0StqAvkS4ez6W%7EgDmeEJVLjzVlY1HFQr9gO-IAw5RAcUUDf7mCQVbYAQfNBUgA%7EhBeTGZx1My3TrfEnqLnQX4qtEXAfB%7E2SLarJ0FYf54pwMkBBeB3dyHCh2GW18mx5eS9cs-W8QUtNWtmc5A6dHhmV3gRaoE1ICF87b5EZGV0mFfumlpcxInLTtzR1q2DHgulEs0eo%7EBNNyZCLRUXPLOWygrr1KLRtvT1itJ3lrV0gZJHJA-MwaJKfntBrEYJB5iRpA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d68f6f054a322a7f20ff7c51254c052c https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/4715d7002c4fdffe92007b98a97d1cf3.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=gw6FQl2uXiwc9kEfrS2uSu1n-FE%7E%7ERIuWzbZN6rCi0on5IcnN%7EP702J03wd9O-pzxranVE38TDtbw0%7EFYfKH05GG3rJRBvniBRkXbKWCO3lulb-a11THBXzKIxn8AJGCft%7EpQtpr8%7ELDcaxbfs5M0sxfqmO57lgb257sxMyWR0fjM-hf1P0XN3cqGsjROcrUtUMEvBbPsEu-Aqjebaf1q8AwVHV-tdroaY7OKXI649s7GKu5OI%7E0hpGvjDIKgfWzrdwMjGM7hIbfyM6HDNRQGKapEjA2Yv4sH7AKNWUsShg8I1ztDdV5ycz4OtK6SAUjqseqSNfY6HzadkfOyh3sug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aff64b3e43bcec5e59e0541a19f69e61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Claire Marion and Maria Freitas "cutting" at Lowell Lingerie Subject The topic of the resource Factories Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-10-10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 4, Folder: Business--Lowell Lingerie B. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_LowellLingerieB_001_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/9edcc5ad054990d76ac3f61b12684775.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=JRRhFfVtx4Hn4WqL2hxF4D1N-mYadPd-mYIqHd352zqhWc4gJhB-JWVBe7IsA0mz7J7iDgypGvv%7EF9%7EJ76E7867NIzK6LgjMA44Swj2wNx40lGpeSQy6DATNVy0PrFtcNGA0NOcZ61shCJ3Le2hPJrnZY7ZKeqeXttyaFpY0xCMIR6VvalI7rCgK1yXLWPBrdaXBMBSxfx-oaMf8TveZl2zG5nWIaPU8T2vZiSHP49Ds2PVkjTvjHI1H2a7fiRxgp1SAQbUR2p-3u5FvU%7EAU-AAN-pOS9rqgNwNT4ijFWgtz6RdhRwFsV5HBMSPzmRy%7ExJiGjlTEDKtOXPhPH9KtrQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4917b7491e8a21ad4ec7e56efe9b5099 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/2a0d56a1893e7879409fd3d1bdeb2b4a.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=CArMqzGTpN06auHBjoKprE2hX3Aa89C2SwUsOR%7Ekbb3NM0DBqt7LJIqQBdUFqGIPbmbtbRucnUblWZn1DD24QoZM5cX9ER-HuhqQgavb-94aalVHrWpy81mww9DCBtWxxvJJeDGwYoIj9siQNuH8Uy7pmeYK3Hj3z2hyTbGTbuekTkg8d-ROzVaLWkbad9G0jYH0S%7EnfK3nInc-dXIpiHJc4U-EF4msMLY7GcpFh1bgVDQXGxwZb%7E02KsfddkIMfJD%7E43zpHvIEN3g22KtNKyLfAdPdM8AXLZATSKxyoRzI31byD9xgAWnqHILc901jho-QP7Fg7HHh7iweDv7tt-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e5716ad3b473d5b028e4fcf454d47f01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lowell Sun Photography Collection - Lusophone Culture [1971-1993] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-1993 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_ Description An account of the resource The Lowell Sun Photograph Collection - Lusophone Culture is a sampling of images from Lowell in the 1970s through the 1990s. These photographs demonstrate all aspects of Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) culture in Greater Lowell and includes images of the working, personal, and cultural lives of those living in the city.<br /><br />This digital collection is only a small sample of the much larger Lowell Sun Photography Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. The overall collection contains over 20,000 images, most which can only be accessed in person, by appointment, at the Center. These images were originally captured by Lowell Sun photographers to accompany newspaper stories. Photographers frequented local businesses and events to capture what life looked like in Lowell at the time.<br /><br /><strong>Please note:</strong> The images in this digital collection were chosen by their likelihood to include members of the Lusophone community. When a connection to Lusophone culture is not explicitly clear, photos were chosen based on ancestry research or popular surnames from Lusophone countries. We understand that this method may not always be accurate, and welcome any feedback as to images that may be unrelated. Images include members of the Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean communities, among others.<br /><br />If you are interested in seeing the many other images in this collection that have not been digitized, please contact the <a href="https://libguides.uml.edu/archives">Center for Lowell History</a> to make an appointment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pollock, Arthur Hunt, Richard Brow, David Wallace, Robert Maher, Michael Pigeon, Michael Whitaker, Robert Herbert, Gerald Rose, Marston Bridgeford, Bill Gregory, David Malakie, Julie Chase, Jon Cauchon, Bradley Donovan, Dan Bailey, Rollin Subject The topic of the resource Antique and classic cars Nursing homes Artists Barbershops Bars (Drinking establishments) Baseball coaches Education Drug abuse--Prevention Youth--Alcohol use Basketball teams High school athletes Bingo Bowling Boxing Bullfights Cabo Verdean Americans Camps Career fairs Cemeteries Christmas City council members Community organization Construction workers Cycling Drug abuse--Prevention Education, Bilingual Ethnic food Fairs Factories Festivals Folk dancing, Portuguese Fourth of July Graduation (school) Gymnastics Immigrant families Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Lacrosse Mills and mill-work Music teachers Musicians Police Portuguese American women Postmasters--United States School field trips Shelters for the homeless Sledding Snow Soccer Special education Student government Video arcades Voting Women in community organization Women's shelters Youth centers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Billerica (Mass.) Wilmington (Mass.) Nashua (N.H.) Tewksbury (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Chelmsford (Mass.) Dracut (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Pelham (N.H.) Burlington (Mass.) Dunstable (Mass.) Andover (Mass.) Bedford (Mass.) Littleton (Mass.) Westford (Mass.) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maria Melo and Argentina Silva on National Sea Products packaging line Subject The topic of the resource Factories Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Whitaker, Robert Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from Lowell Sun Collection, owned by the Lowell Historical Society, housed at the Center for Lowell History. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lowell Sun (Lowell, Mass.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-02-15 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Relation A related resource Item located in Aisle 1B, Section 1, Box 5, Folder: Business--National Sea Products. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LowellSun_NationalSeaProducts_001_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/cf42b6d99261715e7a7830f93e979604.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=bYBAXulloRW9OiYFwVKBrHU1tFjcf%7EmjuDfJYaKOwqrl3vvXm1x-3e4rkiFn10H4Igs-RQ1rmKHvMmiVucQrXbwMpsP6cjb19hsBi80E39uREiV4gYDXDsmoXLRYe5eKFSf7kn6IG71SoKAfVnNJ-bNHmVtcbI7pX5bbIM2xgHpCEuU0ABtmE0dXPw3z4Rm8LaDyc-MCO54phYiOn6VlC%7E%7EMZrUUkYg4qpmd9kdcjeW5TpFUuV6JyGZnKSWAPI9SXoRXUJDhk2rJbAwtxreF%7EJC0RSHYFRK61-sUFzbb2Hxu8iDVagOFkzt2lmi8FAyAf84szSaQzpz9wrB5hcFyZw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5506e51b228b4e719623579967799386 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Helena Lucas Santos Collection [1937-2000] Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Donated by Helena Santos. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG PDF TIFF Language A language of the resource English Portuguese Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SantosHelena_ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937-2000 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Santos, Helena Santos, Alzira Lucas Berthiaume, Roger Cruz, Gabriel Sousa, Ramiro Sousa, Lucy Costa, Emilia Subject The topic of the resource Portuguese American women Immigrant families Immigrants Portugal--Emigration and immigration Education Education, Bilingual Teachers Political paraphernalia Dictators Barbershops Madeirans Cultural assimilation Soccer World War, 1914-1918 World War, 1939-1945 Veterans Wedding attendants Azorean Americans Family violence Politics and government Whaling Weather forecasting Oral tradition Fasts and Feasts Ethnic food Model minority sterotype School field trips English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers Community organization Boy Scouts Wine and wine making Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Portugal--History--Revolution, 1974 Fulbright scholars Women in higher education Counseling in higher education Student counselor English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Alcobaça (Portugal) Ludlow (Mass.) Hudson (Mass.) Azores Pico Island (Azores) Santa Maria (Azores) Boston (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Lawrence (Mass.) Medford (Mass.) Worcester (Mass.) Framingham (Mass.) Somerville (Mass.) Springfield (Mass.) Description An account of the resource <p>The Helena Lucas Santos Collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the life and career of Helena Santos, EdD, a Portuguese American educator in Massachusetts. Most of the items focus on her time as a teacher and educator at Hudson Public Schools, where she worked within the ESL and Bilingual Education programs. Also included are various images and writings from bilingual students who attended Hudson Public Schools from 1977-1986.<br /><br />Her doctoral dissertation was titled <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/305382111?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;fromopenview=true">"The Socialization Experience of Cape Verdean, Latina and Portuguese Women Faculty at Four-Year Institutions in Southern New Enland"</a>.</p> <p><br /><strong>Biographical Sketch</strong></p> Helena Lucas Santos (b. 1954) is a Portuguese American educator and scholar from Ludlow, Massachusetts. She holds a Doctorate in Higher Education Administration (UMass Boston), a Master’s in Education in Bilingual/Cross-cultural Counseling (Boston University), and a Bachelor's Degree in Portuguese (UMass Amherst). She taught at Hudson Public Schools for 9 years as a teacher and counselor within the English as a Second Language and Transitional Bilingual Education programs. She also served as the Title VII Lau Coordinator from 1982-1986. In 1986, she moved to Bridgewater State University where she worked in the Academic Achievement Center and in 2006 to Lasell University where she served as Assistant Vice President and Dean of Academic Success for the rest of her career. While teaching in Hudson, Helena met David Fox, also from Hudson, and they married in 1984. They have one son, Daniel.<br /><br />Helena was born to Alzira Lucas Santos (1922-2015) and Antonio do Rosario Santos (1920-2019). Alzira was born as the third child to Germano and Gloria Lucas, Portuguese immigrants living in Ludlow, MA. Germano and Gloria decided to move back to Evora de Alcobaça, Portugal to raise their children but, shortly after returning, the two older children passed away. Alzira became the oldest of seven children that followed. It was here that Alzira eventually met her husband, Antonio do Rosario Santos, and they married in 1946.<br /><br />Because she was born in the United States, Alzira held American citizenship. Therefore, she came back to the United States in 1952 and her husband and their daughter, Maria, followed soon after. They settled in Ludlow, MA, where Alzira was born. The Santos’ went on to have two more children: Helena and Jose, and two grandchildren: Daniel Santos Fox and Isabel Corkey Santos. Alzira worked as a seamstress in the local manufacturing companies such as Cromwell Mills, Carter’s Clothing, and Spaulding Sports Corporation. Antonio worked for various companies such as Chapman Valve, Westinghouse, and Moore Drop Forging Co./Danaher Tools. Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Drawing of Alzira Lucas Santos Description An account of the resource Drawing of Alzira Lucas Santos at work. Created by her son, José Santos. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Santos, José Subject The topic of the resource Factories Portuguese American women Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ludlow (Mass.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Donated by Helena Santos. Shared with permission from José Santos. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SantosHelena_223 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/db212ce68a13ff6abab6fa1df1ae007a.png?Expires=1777507200&Signature=M5C3e%7EdLhLcJVAzFYN-6v6Z7FX63MM4QuU2RdPq7x8SX5z5Og0obK8L6EMwNu5xThYUqV5apuS3eBWJHRnBZx1hsoqor4t-XL3mnJ5fr30YeTyU-MOumb%7EOaJ-U67vz-LxNAtzrDpu8vXZvSrem7RUOa7dY%7EOkhDi59JVNCBdnQFXCrthqK3BkrIEE0%7EsRTp4-6VdeModD0P1nMYaCZqZcxhCx7SZRBIQM1wBM3POPhw%7Eg8Lf9MtWFvoNwo-ybwisy0XZri07vcTzuVBWm0YzJgeIBWtlFgbLet1clYcsF%7EJ%7E4pOmBNqk3oHV1K9iOF2WKawcnda1bv5WJcBFvYZeA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e316bae3fa908510e76eca010ce8ffd7 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/4247202c1a5aef28b56f191cd6bfc858.mp3?Expires=1777507200&Signature=PjZXXfH8VOVNeY8U5J1RYKKIXCNXJYRmZPdmQydLQ8yQd0FffWhqwm8-7UxWaJ8ontFS3KNnZ9OFFT8JaDSvWYr58imvk9vbjLWo-ZCnAFUAa5jOCxldyTtoW1hSXyjxjSO-38nQ5ac-6-Vgr%7Ev-2Lb%7EznDM66AN0LajVDJ6HRRM3a3-NcnOd%7EAy9AGBNhR9t-f6Hk2WGuD7HvGob65S8V8yn6ywHKNIM4DdoDh7RsPCN4rwA9mMl6qLaDB5O5xLnPNB5iV1JGBaxZvy8jEtfTZdaHnWyBJeiOu3Ct8cIi5O3vYFzGhcYGUoVkjBaOKE%7EZF-mlv%7EMdh1TGELwfbJoQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f154bd9250440706796eede54afdf381 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lawrence History Center Portuguese American Collection [1920-1999] Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All physical copies of the items in this collection are housed at the Lawrence History (LHC) in Lawrence, MA. Through their partnership with PADA, LHC gave permission for these items to be digitized and placed online. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LHC_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Mass.) Subject The topic of the resource Portuguese American women Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Processions, Religious--Catholic Church Fasts and Feasts Catholic Church--Dioceses Priests Wedding photography Music Musicians Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Statutes Constitutions Minstrel shows Balls (parties) World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783 United States. Army. Community organization Community development--Religious aspects--Catholic Church Festivals City council members Political posters Azorean Americans Mother's Day Portugal--Emigration and immigration Ascension Day Soccer Description An account of the resource These items are part of the collection at the Lawrence History Center in Lawrence, MA. This collection reflects the organization of the local Portuguese American community from the start of the 20th century through the 1990s. Items focus on the Portuguese American Civic League, Holy Ghost Society, and Saint Peter and Paul's Church.<br /><br /><strong>About the <a href="https://lawrencehistory.org/">Lawrence History Center (LHC)</a></strong><br /><br /><span>Founded in 1978 as the Immigrant City Archives by German immigrant Eartha Dengler, the Lawrence History Center’s mission is to collect, preserve, share, and animate the history and heritage of Lawrence and its people.</span><br /><span>Currently in their fifth decade, LHC seeks to better serve a community that is rapidly changing due to immigration and changes in the local economy. The past few years have marked enormous growth for LHC as they move from being an organization that ‘collects and preserves’ stories of the city to one that animates these stories for current residents, researchers, and visitors to Lawrence through rich and varied programming, the strength of our collections and the power of the history of an immigrant city on the rise.</span> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920-1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG PDF Language A language of the resource English Portuguese Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Is Format Of A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format. <h2><a href="https://www.lawrencehistorycenter.org/node/2942">Click here to listen to audio of Mario Sousa's oral history interview with the Lawrence History Center.</a></h2> Title A name given to the resource Mario Sousa oral history interview Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-01-12 Description An account of the resource Mario Sousa was born on January 17, 1960 in Feiteira, Portugal. He immigrated to Cambridge, MA with his family in 1976 before moving to Lawrence, MA with his wife. Mario worked at Greico Bros. for over 32 years as an Armhole Presser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beauchesne, Jim Sousa, Mario Subject The topic of the resource Factories Immigrants Farmers Portuguese American women Dating Ethnic food Catholic Church--Dioceses Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All physical copies of the items in this collection are housed at the Lawrence History (LHC) in Lawrence, MA. Through their partnership with PADA, LHC gave permission for these items to be digitized and placed online. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Deran Confectionary Greico Brothers Portuguese American Club (Lawrence, MA) Saint Peter and Paul Church https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/224231a9773a5b6197961bfdba40d65a.png?Expires=1777507200&Signature=OZIN0VCR7wd7MAjySpA7VbqCBVH93ie6AiCSgBuicjpmSYqrbQV-y17mmrOs0TRC0fLo4iKTe8KDGMItDd3gkCrLj0bkyrLWIAmifwBU9HthBA--XmP6OeU4xWNPlchgYKML1D8Qms2pHdu8MfFFXrFWdqRaBZ1JjDzzNc6o4TCm4KGb6Uuaw2OPQiTuogFjQInbeIFABok1jbPXMlWZZN2x%7E0nGgxcCLa2DJltY2vD82wK59-1V3mWOhDRW8ffJJ4mSdHNm--wuq2BwjuGK40zaObc3vPWCAxqORWKI3LHCodCi4dTJAqQWUhSV9LzsEQF7uSdDa1DGreT2FODnyA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e316bae3fa908510e76eca010ce8ffd7 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/7c1a9d9c16c84a884553ccfa5250cd32.mp3?Expires=1777507200&Signature=cRge48ssSwy92mAbZFUxnffrT3QU4AOrbc-pA339gX3fmBUG48AGXPoLnAwWVzI4yLq9FHqMxICM5-yFwpVja6Wlmm2-f4GxcN96BkM3bRQAg2juB6KtrZDRwjAa88ThFhoWKr74XkSMBwqCWrt3YpM0cVNQQy2zBapLv-2GdwFprKa4tBO2tieQwcwnLhaBtn3sLCu13IlkUZa%7EYdkW2xM-Ng9GfE-dUhRkIn2TRz4pk7I5aA9F7X9M-s4%7EsflJ6XGYBqaOhth%7Elu2sh8L2maqzy-hxX34MlVNrIaHb4H8qAjqiE6d3tb0plfBya3S42GQkNy0o9jUh3ffuDEnHmA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3704780744d70f40de71ca0915266f3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lawrence History Center Portuguese American Collection [1920-1999] Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All physical copies of the items in this collection are housed at the Lawrence History (LHC) in Lawrence, MA. Through their partnership with PADA, LHC gave permission for these items to be digitized and placed online. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LHC_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Mass.) Subject The topic of the resource Portuguese American women Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Processions, Religious--Catholic Church Fasts and Feasts Catholic Church--Dioceses Priests Wedding photography Music Musicians Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Statutes Constitutions Minstrel shows Balls (parties) World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783 United States. Army. Community organization Community development--Religious aspects--Catholic Church Festivals City council members Political posters Azorean Americans Mother's Day Portugal--Emigration and immigration Ascension Day Soccer Description An account of the resource These items are part of the collection at the Lawrence History Center in Lawrence, MA. This collection reflects the organization of the local Portuguese American community from the start of the 20th century through the 1990s. Items focus on the Portuguese American Civic League, Holy Ghost Society, and Saint Peter and Paul's Church.<br /><br /><strong>About the <a href="https://lawrencehistory.org/">Lawrence History Center (LHC)</a></strong><br /><br /><span>Founded in 1978 as the Immigrant City Archives by German immigrant Eartha Dengler, the Lawrence History Center’s mission is to collect, preserve, share, and animate the history and heritage of Lawrence and its people.</span><br /><span>Currently in their fifth decade, LHC seeks to better serve a community that is rapidly changing due to immigration and changes in the local economy. The past few years have marked enormous growth for LHC as they move from being an organization that ‘collects and preserves’ stories of the city to one that animates these stories for current residents, researchers, and visitors to Lawrence through rich and varied programming, the strength of our collections and the power of the history of an immigrant city on the rise.</span> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1920-1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG PDF Language A language of the resource English Portuguese Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jose Barcelos oral history interview Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-05-03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DePippo, Theresa Barcelos, Jose Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lawrence (Mass.) Faial (Azores) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All physical copies of the items in this collection are housed at the Lawrence History (LHC) in Lawrence, MA. Through their partnership with PADA, LHC gave permission for these items to be digitized and placed online. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Subject The topic of the resource Dating Azorean Americans Immigrant families Immigrants Earthquakes Volcanos Portuguese American women Dictators Cultural assimilation Factories Manners and customs Grocer Description An account of the resource Jose F. Barcelos was born on January 31, 1914 in Faial and immigrated to the United States through the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958. His sons, Carlos and Joe, founded the Barcelos Brothers Markets in Lawrence, MA. Also heard on tape: Maria Pinheiro Barcelos (Jose's wife) Azorean Refugee Act Barcelos Markets https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/7fe29626ee92eba7a2ddcccd5f25b07b.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=dXKYdXcHybc-MeaLsAM%7ExA6SdjXXWRSfGTwFuttAAAshovfi7p40%7E54PnquGdsv3ahnMj8Pdu2qAsXsN%7E%7EL78c9EQhl5-DF1J%7EBI7e8SbV07PwR1BctsGsuRSaDBA2XRnPif6HV2YnYetZOlHzx1NNUVv1ZINLIz92y4gkWFN7T5TzkF1wcI%7Ey15sDzupkWrXvyPrI3VDKK02Dvc94tGh5JNcHnabgTncvFTvXOocu82jcNdFIkN3kq0bNKIn6nbVg8T7ynrfXVYxqH%7E9dIGPPsEzbrnEPMyrKpeEHKzJupkspdLG%7ERx2UPeKkOgQwF8rhniwG8jxGrCESrB7GfmTQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7346ae1153a4f3ec1e16200a729eb0e7 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/3782bbb224bf1d85863c6bf1ae547c56.mp3?Expires=1777507200&Signature=vcNz46cBqV1R1G57vWHzPZQf4V9p4SHj%7Es2b12iQTJY87a1rSYbcdtzc6e-%7EiWdHvV1ODEwU%7EhVWjrc7B9TWWO3NKqZDkVPQqNuZe0TIRwIvE1vJ0G1eue8mGMxMJsOZBnSqnIREU4uDjt%7E7bkZ9k6aLyPjbMRA2LShfgGjzsFDm8AOyWKfwxlozgQ0QPQD1q4KRGMltLbLDssUHtaLa5Ke5tDjwpZ78xdzqlEjUt3Y1KLBwbCckBThpE73PO%7EElGhzflsBqDLVIAMZWWL6559M3IppVA5E18ErRzodUsndeB2eJGuTKZhnATJjzEW3Y8VsOLB%7EwPO%7E11npetoPSsQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 428c1833aecadcdde6f67fc5db53389e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UMass Lowell Portuguese American Oral Histories [1976-2018] Description An account of the resource These oral histories with Portuguese immigrants and their descendants in the Greater Lowell area were conducted between 1976-2016. Topics covered include the experience of immigration, working conditions, family life, and more. These oral histories were funded by the Lowell National Historical Park, the American Folklife Center, and UMass Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Children of immigrants Cultural assimilation Mills and mill-work Portuguese American women Madeirans World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States. Navy. Factories Education Depressions--1929 Immigrants Christmas Immigrant families Ethnic food New Year Balls (parties) Community organization Civic leaders Baking Bakeries Bakery employees Tradition (Theology) Music Ethnic neighborhoods Boardinghouses Folk dancing, Portuguese Music teachers Civil engineering Urban renewal Park facilities--Planning Fasts and Feasts Portuguese language Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Engineering Religious gatherings Police Portugal--Emigration and immigration Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Dance teachers Female impersonators Entertainers Musicians Suicide Cleaning compounds Tenement houses Rug and carpet industry Entrepreneurship Irish Americans Politics and government City council members Campaign management Community development, Urban Music--Portuguese influences Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Priests Code switching (Linguistics) Soccer Cooking Composition (Music) Portuguese teachers Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Fathers and sons Bars (Drinking establishments) Desegregation Military bands Track and field coaches Language teachers Brazilian Americans Bullfights Bullying in schools Conflict of generations Earthquakes Evening and continuation schools Volcanos Meat industry and trade Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 Christmas cooking Community schools Marriage Radio programs Sewing Angola--History--Revolution, 1961-1975 Agriculture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Document Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All items can be found at the Center for Lowell History in Lowell, MA. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Manchester (N.H.) Graciosa (Azores) Capelinhos Volcano (Azores) Faial (Azores) Lawrence (Mass.) Terceira Island (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Madeira (Madeira Islands) Pico Island (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Azores Hudson (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Denatale, Doug Fertig, Barbara Fitzsimons, Gray Holden, Maria Miller, Marc Norkunas, Martha Page, Paul Perkins, Carole MacDougal Reis, John M. Spandagos, Olga Strobel, Christoph Szewczyk, Kimberly Taylor, David Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nomesia Iria Oral History Interview Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Immigrants Factories Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Description An account of the resource <p><strong>Oral History Interview with Nomesia Iria, April 18, 2018</strong></p> <p><strong>Biographical Note:</strong></p> <p>Born on the Azorean island of São Miguel in 1953; Ms. Iria’s mother was a homemaker; her father worked as a chauffeur; similar to many children of this period, Ms. Iria attended public school through the fourth grade; eventually she married and had two children while living on São Miguel; in 1980 she, her husband, and two children immigrated to the United States, settling initially in New Bedford, Massachusetts; at the suggestion of her husband’s brother, who lived in Lowell and worked in a higher-paying electronics job, she and her family moved there; for a short time Ms. Iria commuted to Lawrence, Massachusetts, for a job in a shoe factory; however, upon obtaining a job in the Prince Pasta factory, which was located in South Lowell and had nearly 400 workers, the majority being Portuguese; she began working as a machine operator close to her home in the city’s “Back Central” neighborhood; owned by the Pellegrino family, Prince Pasta had a company union; in 1995 a group of Prince Pasta workers, including Ms. Iria, campaigned to affiliate with United Electrical Workers Machine of Workers of America (UE) and, in an intensely fought union election, the workers voted in favor of the UE;  Iria was then elected chief steward; two years later the Pellegrino’s sold the company to the Ohio-based Borden Corporation; soon thereafter Borden cut a number of employee benefits and instituted a 12-hour work day; despite union concessions Borden suddenly closed the Lowell factory; Ms. Iria joined with other workers, as well as city and elected officials in an attempt to save the plant, but to no avail; she subsequently worked as an organizer for the UE, before returning to a job as a machine operator at a beverage company; she remains involved in community work.</p> <p><strong>Scope and Contents:</strong></p> Interview conducted by local historian Mehmed Ali; included is information on Ms. Iria’s family on São Miguel, prior to her immigration to the United States; much of the interview covers her working career in factories, initially in New Bedford and Lawrence, and then Lowell; she discusses in some detail her experiences at the Prince Pasta factory, the nature of the work and the division of jobs by gender and nationality, the change from a family-owned business to a corporate-controlled manufacturing facility, as well as the change from a company union to one affiliated with the United Electrical Workers Machine of America; her role as a union organizer and shop steward is discussed, as well as her attempts, along with coworkers, to keep the plant open following the Borden Corporation’s sudden decision to shut it down; she also discusses the tensions within her family stemming from the demanding roles as mother, wife, homemaker, worker, and union activist. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-04-18 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Iria, Nomesia Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Iria_OH Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant São Miguel (Azores) Lowell (Mass.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Cliftex Corporation Memórias: Preserving the Stories of Lowell's Portuguese Community Prince Pasta Factory https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/39393ad714803595bd9a32af67848c8a.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=bkgLXrNuNbAgdct%7ETuaAc2N4JYHWFEz7kbYazxlOhlr0xWUtM6SVSwT6QCwYog10jFCeyrn3yHKNmsTg6peHJ5gU%7EhFSsommtGadYxsEH1KcYIVv8LJyV8GD1Meh2%7EFmwYhk6mmRQ7TIEPWmj1Mu2-1ld64-fgh6keqUV0LkjIeycQVbEvxUeuntShvqFNczl1OzkgQIQY4DNMx3MgH-n0viEnPknwj090dVS9BewzRLIjRHw0xV1R1N8mW9mHC52qOmRBmJwOuyYonUgKCtdLV8emsQPDszySt5icJlcIZjIF84TeNBp%7E5MT17CoS2iFMuzK8Rgm%7E2F2xBI-pdfEQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0b6d8a4cf12c5de364eb811618380e98 PDF Text Text UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL Memórias – Preserving the Stories of Lowell's Portuguese Community Oral History Interview with Dimas Espinola, October 19, 2017 Biographical Note: Born on the Azorean island of Terceira, in the village of Biscoitos, in 1950; Dimas Espinola immigrated with his family to the United States in the late 1960s, settling in Lowell’s “Back Central” (predominately Portuguese) neighborhood; his father, formerly a furniture maker in Biscoitos, obtained a job as a loom fixer in the Wannalancit Mills; his mother worked as a dressmaker; Mr. Espinola received his formal education in schools on Terceira and, upon arriving in Lowell, he secured a work permit and, at nearly 17 years of age, he was employed in a manufacturing job in the Paris shoe factory on Bridge Street; at the same time Mr. Espinola, a communicant at St. Anthony’s Church, began working closely with the pastor, Rev. John F. Silva; among his activities was translating English for Portuguese members of the community, which included various issues affecting the neighborhood, including a state-proposed extension of the Lowell Connector highway that threatened many homes and businesses in the “Back Central” neighborhood; in addition to his community activism and work with the church, Mr. Espinola also became involved with the Portuguese-American Center (and its soccer team), as well as the Holy Ghost Society; he remained in the shoe industry for many years, becoming a foreman and factory manager. Scope and Contents: Interview conducted by consulting historian Gray Fitzsimons; a large part of this interview focuses on the organized opposition (and Mr. Espinola’s role in this opposition) to the Lowell Connector highway extension in the early 1970s and the threat of demolition of a large section of the “Back Central” neighborhood; it also contains some information on the family background of Mr. Espinola, the family’s immigrating from the Terceira to the United States, the working lives of the Espinola family in Lowell’s shoe factories in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as observations on the various businesses and cultures that would have been gravely impaired had the highway extension been constructed. The interview concludes with a discussion of the Carnation Revolution in April 1974 and Mr. Espinola’s observations on the changes in attitudes toward mainland Portugal among Azoreans compared to those of Portuguese in the United States. INTERVIEWEE: DIMAS ESPINOLA INTERVIEWER: GRAY FITZSIMONS D=DIMAS G=GRAY 1 �G: All right. We are recording here. So it’s Thursday, October 19th, and I’m here with Dimas Espinola. And thank you Dimas again for joining me here. D: Sure. G: Just a few questions. First of all just a little bit about your background. Where were you born and what year? D: I was born in the Azores Island, Terceira specifically, a little village called Biscoitos. In English, biscuits. [Both laugh] But it was one of the, probably one of the busiest seaports, fishing ports in the island. G: I see, okay. D: Yah, it’s in the northern part of the island. G: Yah, what year were you born? D: I was born in 1950 G: Okay. You and I are about the same age. And then so when and why did you come to the U.S.? D: We came to the states in [19]67, 1967. My, one of my uncles, my father’s brother petitioned the whole family. He had finally become an American citizen. He was living in the country. He was living here. He first started living in Lowell and then he moved out to California. And because the lady that he had, the lady that he married was from Lowell. G: Yes, yes. D: So you know, they were living in back of, on Summer Street. G: Yes, Summer Street. Okay. D: By the South Common. G: But they went to California for a short time? D: Yah, they went to California and then from there (--) G: Do you know where in California they were? D: San Jose. G: Okay, San Jose. 2 �D: And they settled, they’ve been there. He’s still alive. He’s still there. G: Oh, he’s still there? D: He’s still there. G: Okay, but he was here when your family came over, correct? D: No, no, he was in California already. G: Oh he was? D: Yah. He came to the states maybe in late [19]50s? G: Okay. D: Late [19]50s and then he moved up to California at the beginning of the [19]60s. Because we came and he was already gone. G: Okay. So did he come to the U.S. as part of that legislation that freed up immigration from Portugal, from the Islands? D: No. He came (--) We do have relatives that came from that time, from the [Capelhinos] volcano [eruptions in 1957-58]. G: Yes. D: But they went to Peabody. They were on my paternal grandmother’s side. Her brothers settled in Peabody. And my uncle was (--) It started (--) There was my grandfather’s sister, paternal grandfather’s sister somehow came to the states, (G: Okay) and came to Lowell and she settled here. And of course in the community you know everybody. She was this girl, at the time blonde, beautiful and so was my uncle, you know. So they start writing each other. You know, my uncle became friends with the family. They started writing letters back and forth. And all of a sudden she ends up in a trip over there to the village where we lived. (G: Yes) And they got, and then they decided to get married. They got married and started (--) G: Yes, they got married over there? D: Yah, she got married over there. I was the chaperone. They stayed at (--) I was I think, I don’t know, five years old at the time. And every place they went I had to go with them. [Laughs] And they got married, and she petitioned him. So he stayed behind. G: Got you. And she came back to Lowell. D: She came back to Lowell. 3 �G: Petitioned and he came over and joined her. D: He joined her. Usually I think in those days it took about two years for a husband. G: Oh wow, two years. D: Like it took my parents five years waiting time. [Comment unclear] G: Yes. So why didn’t your family move to California as opposed to moving to Lowell? D: Because my mother, my mother’s two aunts living in Lowell. My maternal grandmother had two sisters that came over in 1910 to work in the mills in Lowell. (G: Okay) So they grew up here. You know, they came at a young age. And they married and they settled here. One lived in Lowell. One lived in Dracut. So, and my mother used to exchange letters with all of them, with the both of them. And so she decided to stay here, because she kind of got, so especially the one that she got to know just through the, through the letters, you know, by correspondence. G: So, and what did they, what did your parents do when they arrived in Lowell? For employment? D: I think they both (--) See in those days you had to have a job guarantee. And then my uncle was responsible for whole family for five years. G: Yes, even though he was in California. D: Even though he was in California. He had to sign all that paperwork and everything went through the consulate like it does today. I think they worked for (--) Because I came six months. They came in January. I came in July. (G: Okay) But they started off like in the shoe factories. And then my mother went to Nathan Solomon right down the street here. G: Bridge Street. D: No, no, right here at the foot of, at the foot (G: Of John Street) right after the Bridge on the left there. That was Nathan Solomon. G: Yes, okay. D: Later Pajama Factory. And my father worked for Wannalancit Textile. G: He worked at Wannalancit? Okay. D: Yah, he was a loom fixer. G: Oh no kidding. That’s a highly skilled job. D: Yah, he was a furniture maker in the old country. 4 �G: Oh, okay. Okay. Well that’s interesting. D: So he picked it up pretty good. G: So how many years did he work at the Wannalancit? D: Most of his life. G: Did he? D: Yah, most of his life until they kind of phased down. G: And how long did your mother work at Solomon? D: Until she retired. G: Wow. And you said, did they work in a shoe factory initially? D: I think they worked at Grace Shoe, because when I came, when I got here in July they were already at these jobs. So they just like a try-out. G: Okay, got you. Got you. Okay. D: First thing, yah. G: All right. And so, you went to public school in Lowell then. D: No, I went to night school. I just went to night school just to (--) G: Were you educated back in Terceira? D: Yes, I went to school in Terceira. When I came I had what it was called, at the time it was called an associate’s degree (G: Yes) if you compared the (--) G: Got you, yes. D: I learned English and French. I had three years of English when I come over. G: Your English is very good. D: Not in those days, because I was afraid to speak, because we learned the English, English is (--) The Queen’s English, the pronunciation is different. So you know. G: Exactly, yes. 5 �D: It was funny, because when I started working they used to tell me to do stuff and I’d do it. I could hear him, “How does he understand everything we say, but he doesn’t say anything back?” And I finally told this, my fellow there, because everybody was either Portuguese, Greek, or Puerto Rican. That was the nationalities that we had around in Lowell. G: Of course. D: Or Polish. And he was a Greek fellow, and I told him, “You guys will make fun of me if I talk, you know. My accent is different than yours.” He said, “No, don’t worry. Go ahead.” [Comment unclear]. G: So you were about seventeen when you came here? D: Sixteen, sixteen and a half. G: Sixteen, and so what did you do when you first arrived in July? D: I went to work. I got my worker’s, you needed a working permit. G: Yes, yes. D: And I went to work in a shoe factory. G: Oh you did? Grace or Carroll Shoe? D: No, Paris. That was on Bridge Street. It’s the last one that is being remodeled down there. G: Yes. D: That building down at the end. G: Okay. And how long did you work there? D: Thirteen years I worked there. G: Fifteen? D: Thirteen. The best job of my life. G: No kidding. D: I was young. It was unbelievable. It was good. G: What sort of work did you do in the factory? D: I started working as a machine operator. And then I got, became like assistant supervisor. 6 �G: Yes. Were there a lot of other Portuguese working there? D: Yah, at the time yes. We had like, Paris Shoe had like four hundred employees at the highest. And I say close to half of them were Portuguese. G: Wow, yah. So there was still a number of shoe companies operating back then too, including Carroll Shoe? Did you (--) D: One year (--) One day I worked in three places. I quit Paris. I went down to I forget the name of one. Where Notini’s was there was, the latest machinery and everything. So I quit Paris at eleven. I went over there and I worked until 1:30. And I said, “I can’t go home. My mother is going to be upset.” And so I went the Carroll Shoe. I knew the (--) Because you knew all of these supervisors. They weren’t around. And I worked there until 6:00. And the next Saturday I went. He told me, “Do you want to come in tomorrow?” So I did. Then I come home. My mother said, “Oh, this gentleman called.” She couldn’t hardly say his name, which was the owner of the Paris Shoe and “He wants to talk to you. He’s waiting for you.” So I called him back. He asked me what happened. I told him. He says, “Come back Monday.” G: So they hired you back? D: He hired me right on, he took me right back. G: I understand that Carroll Shoe employed a lot of Portuguese as well. D: It did, but then they were smaller than Paris. G: Yah, right. D: Grace Shoe has the largest. They had a lot of Portuguese people working there. G: Yes, maybe more percentage-wise of Portuguese at Carroll then (--) D: Then at Paris because we had a lot of Greek immigrants working there too. It was like half. Almost (--) And we had French Canadians, you know, from Little Quebec [unclear]. G: Of course, yah. D: You know, in those days that was the way you would talk to each other. There was no political way. It’s the way it was and we all loved it you know. G: Yah. Well let me ask you. This is interesting, because you were involved in the Connector opposition. In the late [19]60s the city planners with the state proposed extending the Lowell Connector to basically smash through Back Central. D: It would have done that, yah. 7 �G: And taken out a lot of houses. D: Over 400. G: Yes, which would have virtually destroyed the Portuguese (--) D: Yah, it would have gone through King Street, the back (--) By the parking lot of Saint Anthony’s Church all the way to Elm Street. It would have taken that whole block all the way down to Lawrence Street. G: Right. Right. So let me ask you though, why did you become involved in objecting to this? D: Oh, at the time I was involved in quite a few things. I was, you know, involved in the church, you know, for affairs, helping out. And I was at the, starting at the Portuguese-American Center with the Soccer Team. And the reason I got involved was mostly to speak to the Portuguese people. You know, they would have these meetings, because the real movement beyond that was like the, were like the Father John Silva, who was the pastor. G: So he was one of the major (D: Yes) opponents in (D: Definitely. Oh yes, he was) organizing in Back Central. D: Yah, and the, I would say the first and second generation of Portuguese people living in Lowell, you know, the ones that the grandparents and parents came in the early 1900s. G: Yes, and owned property, correct? D: Yah, and owned property. At the time the Connector was there, now these people were like leaders, the kind, the community, the foundation of the community. G: Yes, kind of like the community elders, right? D: Exactly, because they had organized the social clubs, the Portuguese-American Center, the Civic League, the Holy Ghost Society. G: Yes. D: The church, and we kind of just came in and then the population, the community started growing, but they were the, the focal point. G: Yes, they were the major force. D: Yah, because the Portuguese people per say, especially the immigrants, they didn’t care much about politics. G: Ah huh. Yes, I wanted to ask you about that. 8 �D: They never cared, and still to this day they don’t care about politics, because, and I say because they didn’t live the experience of the people after the revolution. Their relatives that were in the state back and never made it here, (G: I see) you know, that’s totally different people than the way we were brought up. G: This was the revolution in Portugal in the [19]20s. D: No, no, no, in [19]74. G: In [19]74. Okay. D: Most of the Lowell Community came on the late [19]60s early [19]70s, before the revolution. G: Yes, yes. D: So they didn’t, politics was nothing to them. G: I see. They stayed out of politics. D: They stayed out of politics. They came here just to try to go to work, send the kids to school, which was hard for everybody because there was no bilingual thank God, no bilingual. They learned English. G: Yes. So, but let me ask you, why do you think this older generation was more politically active? The older generation? D: Because they were born here. A lot of them were born here. G: I see. Okay. D: They were born here, the people. They were like, I would say second generation. Their grandparents came in the late 1800s. Then they have children and (--). G: So they became somewhat accustomed to local politics. And so they (--) D: That’s what they were, yah. G: Well speaking of involvement in local politics, this is Manuel Figuera. D: Yah, he was, he was, on the Connector he was tireless this gentleman, tireless. G: How do you pronounce his name? D: Figuera. Manuel Figuera. 9 �G: Was he also known as Raymond, because I’ve heard him called Raymond for some reason. D: No. G: No. D: I think his son was Raymond. G: Oh okay. Okay. D: I know he has a grandson that’s Raymond. I don’t know if his son is Raymond. G: Okay. D: But he’s Manuel Figuera, yes. G: And what do you remember about him? D: Great man. (G: Yes) Stubborn, but a great friend. Yah, very stubborn. G: It’s interesting. D: [Figuera’s view was] “I mean it’s my way. This is the way we should do it. That’s the way we got to do it.” We love, everybody loved him. G: Was he a fluent English speaker, or with some difficulty? D: Yes! No, no, no, he could speak English. He knew all the politicians. He knew everybody downtown this guy. G: And he was from Madeira? D: Madeira, yes. He knew everybody. Anybody that had power in Lowell he knew him. G: Yes. Yah. Okay. All right. Now interestingly I have a photograph. It’s hard to see really, but a picture of you. And here you are at a meeting about the Connector and you are, you were the translator. D: Yes. I was (--) This was at the, if I’m not mistaken, this was at the Rogers School. G: Okay, okay. D: At the Rogers School. The place was packed. Packed, packed, packed. G: Yes, and City Councilor Brenden Fleming was there. Yes, yes. 10 �D: Yah, and yes, I was the translator, yah, because as they spoke I was telling the Portuguese people what they were saying and what was going on. G: Of course. Now the other thing is this is interesting. Dimas, this is a letter, this is an article you wrote for the Lowell Communicator. The newspaper the Communicator? I don’t know if you (--) Do you remember writing this? D: 1972. G: Yah. It’s basically to, obviously to inform Portuguese speaking people whose English was limited, the issues about the Connector. I don’t read Portuguese. So I don’t know (--) D: No, no, do you mind if I (--) I don’t recall this, The Communicator. I don’t even (--) G: Okay, what does the article say? D: The article says, it’s just putting, letting everybody know that there’s going to be a decision made on the 27th of June. G: Yes, 1972? D: 1972, about the Lowell Connector. G: Yes. D: Everybody (--) We (--) Everybody thinks it’s going to be a “no go”. The decision will be not to proceed with the, with the Connector. This is what the people want. We don’t want this Connector to be built. G: Yes. D: And then who’s pushing for this? Certainly not the people in the area or in the neighborhood. G: Yes. D: But most likely the business people downtown in Lowell, there’re the ones that are probably pushing for this because they don’t care about the Lowell people up in, you know, up in this area who work. At this time they were already buying a lot of properties, ’72, (G: Right), because as I say (--) G: The city was buying property. D: No, no, the Portuguese people. G: Yes, okay. 11 �D: The Portuguese people were buying, because they came, they rent, or they live with relative for like a week or two and then they find an apartment. As soon as they got a job they found an apartment. G: And then they would have saved up money and buy property. D: Yah, it usually would take about a couple of years for them to buy a home. G: I see, okay, because Back Central was affordable back then, right? D: Yah, my parents bought a one-family for $5,000 while they could have bought a two family next door for $3,000. [Laughs] G: Yes, yes. Right, right. D: Yah, yah, we work very hard for everything that we have. And it doesn’t matter if we own, or we’re renters, and even not be an American citizen, we can’t vote, but that doesn’t mean that we can’t, you know, speak our minds. G: All right. So that’s an important point you were trying to get across to the people in the neighborhood. D: Yah, just for the people yah. G: Yah, right. So even if they didn’t own property they had a stake in this. D: Yes, because we lived in the area and we took care of the property. G: Right, it was their lives right? D: Yes, we don’t want to go through. No one wants to go through, (G: Right) through the same hardships that we did when we first arrived here, you know, with not, not speaking English and not knowing anything. (G: Right) Because if the roads went through it would destroy the community and everybody would have to start (--) G: Start over again. D: Start all over again. G: Right, right. Okay. So that’s what you were writing about. D: Yah, that’s what, this is what I’m re-translating. G: Yes, exactly. 12 �D: That we all have our lives organized. We lived next to our families and friends, and if we wanted to go to the store, we just walked down the store. Everything is around us. Are we going to let all of this go because of the rich, rich people that wants to take advantage of the lower people, you know, today is the 1%. G: Interestingly Dimas you put it in class terms. You kind of put it in part in terms of social class. D: Yah, kind of now reading this, yah, I think I did. G: Did you read Karl Marx when you were a young student? D: No, I did not. No. No, I did not. No, I did not. G: But it is interesting that you did point out that the wealthy could benefit from this at the expense of the poor people, or the less wealthy I should say. D: Now we shouldn’t let this happen, because if they, if they build the road a lot of people will be out of housing. They will lose their homes and they will have hard times probably finding a house. They wouldn’t have probably hard time finding a house, but a lot of people didn’t have cars. So that would have made their lives more difficult, because in those days everybody walked downtown to work. G: Yes. D: And then their way up they all stopped at the Pioneer Market. They did the food shopping there for the week. They’d cash their checks there. And Pioneer Market delivered. Two hours later, an hour later they have the food there like three vans going out all of the time. G: Yes, where was the Pioneer Market? D: At the corner of Charles and Central, (G: Okay) where, right across the monument there. G: Yes, what’s there today? Do you know? D: Pioneer Liquors. A liquor store. G: Oh okay. Okay, but that was like the key grocery store. D: That was it. That was it. That was a small Stop &, there was a Stop & Shop in the plaza. G: Yah, yah. D: Where there’s a fitness center. That used to be a Stop & Shop there (G: Okay) but everybody just walked up, stopped at the Pioneer Market, do their shopping there. They had full (--) I was (--) If you’ve heard about the first DeMoulas Store? It was even smaller than that, but 13 �they had butchers there. They had everything. Everything was fresh. They had the best fruit in the city. G: No kidding. D: Yah, and they cut, they cut your steaks the way you want. If you didn’t like what you see on the counter, you’d say, “I want it this way. I want it that way.” G: Wow. D: They spoke Portuguese. They were Portuguese. G: Yes. They were Portuguese, the owners, right? D: Yah, yah. In fact one of them, Paul Silva, he might remember a lot of this stuff too. He runs, he owns the Whipple Café. G: Café? He does? D: Yah, him and his wife worked at the Pioneer, at the Pioneer Market. G: Oh no kidding. D: And when they finally decided they couldn’t compete. Everybody started getting [unclear] and everybody started going out. G: Yes, yes. D: And the kids, they didn’t want it. It was him and his brothers. His brother passed away, Danny. And then he, he bought the Whipple and he’s been there ever since. G: Okay. I’ve been there. I didn’t know he owned it. D: Yah, Paul. Great guy, him and Nancy. Great couple, great family. You know, isn’t it true that human beings have more value than the cars that go across the (--) G: Yes, is that what you wrote? D: Yah, it’s right here. [Reading] What can we do about this? Do the same thing that we did a week ago. Let’s all go downtown to the meeting on the 27th when it’s going to be decided if not, if the Connector is going to be built. G: Right, right. D: Let’s all go down there. Let’s bring our friends, our families. 14 �G: It goes on down here. D: Yah. We all need to go down there so we can help and stop this. I used to call it highway sometimes, the Connector to be built. Our lives are set. Hear our families again. This is about the same thing kind of, copies. [Reading from documents] Yah, they kind of overlapped. G: Let me ask you though, is there anything else you want to say about the article and any other points you want to make? D: No, that’s about (--) You got the idea of what I said. G: Yah, very good. And so apart from Manuel Figuera, were there other men or women? Were there any women who were involved that you recall in this opposition? Was it mostly, you know, guys like Manuel? D: No, it was Manuel, but it was Eddie Santos, Joseph Camara. Mostly like the Board of Directors of the Portuguese American Center. G: Okay. Okay. D: Women wise I would say Gladys Picanso, because she was very well-known and respected in the community too. G: Yes. Yes. So she was a key figure too in the opposition. D: Yes, but the leadership came from Father Silva. G: Yes, it really did. It came from Father Silva? D: Yes it did. He pushed. He pushed. He didn’t like to be upfront. Like I’m pretty sure I did this because of him. He told me to do it. G: Oh no kidding. D: Because he wouldn’t do it. G: I see. Okay. D: He was there. G: He was there? D: He was there. G: But he wanted you to be (--) 15 �D: Yah, because I was the one, at that time I was already doing the readings in Portuguese at mass. G: Oh. D: Because he started late, that you know, the second council that allowed the (--) To do, say the mass in Portuguese, he started it late. He started in the early [19]70s. G: Oh, okay. D: He used to do everything in Latin. [Both laugh] G: Before Vatican II. D: Yah, before Vatican II. And it was, it was kind of, in the late 60s it was kind of tough for him to change, but he changed. G: Yes. That’s interesting. D: Yes, yes. G: Yah, so he changed. D: Yah, he changed. G: But you helped (--) D: I would say he was the (--) For the neighborhood there, him and other, and other leaders of like other communities, because there was a lot of Polish people around that area too. G: Yes, there were Polish people, yes. D: And he was kind of the central (--) At any social organization, like there was the Italian Club there too in Central Street. G: Yah, right. D: All those people, everybody just kind of, the whole neighborhood got together. G: Yes, okay. Okay. Well that’s interesting, because I wanted to ask you too, it really, it required (--) To defeat the Connector it required (--) D: One of the individuals that did the most to stop the Connector was Ray Rourke. I don’t (--) I think he was a City Councilor at that time. G: Yah, okay. So I was going to say it required alliances across ethnic identity right? 16 �D: Yes. Mr. Rourke, even more than Father Silva, was the big pusher too, the big force behind the “Stop the Connector” movement. G: Do you remember, was Dick Howe Sr. also? Do you remember him as being involved in fighting? D: I don’t even (--) Was he in the city council in those days? G: He was. D: I, see that, I (--) G: But you remember Rourke and Brenden Fleming. D: I remember, not as much to the Connector now that I see his picture here. G: Yah, okay, but (--) D: I don’t even know. Was he a city councilor? G: He was a city councilor, yah. D: Because I know he was at one of the big affairs for our church. He was the mayor. G: But that’s interesting. You said that Rourke was really (--) D: Ray Rourke. G: Yah, you remember him as being (--) D: Mr. Rourke was, because he lived in Back Central Street, Lawrence, somewhere on Lawrence Street back there. G: Okay. D: He was, and he knew all the, Eddie Santos, and the Camaras, and the Costas. G: Oh okay. D: He knew all of these people knew him. G: Yes. D: And he was, he was the force. The force [unclear]. 17 �G: So in some ways he represented the Portuguese Community in city council. D: Yes he did. Yah, he kind of did, yah. And after him was [city council member an later mayor of Lowell] Tarsy Poulios you know. [Both laugh] G: Yes, I remember Tarsy. D: Yah, but Mr. Rourke was up to the [Sampson] Connector Mr. Rourke was always involved. In fact they tried a second time to put the Connector through. G: Yes. Yes. D: And Mr. Rourke at that time, I think he was Secretary of Transportation. And he had enough pull then to squash the Lowell politicians that wanted that done. G: Yes. D: I don’t recall who the governor was, but I remember them, he’s coming to one of our meetings to say, “Do not worry. It will never go through this community again. I’ll make sure of that.” G: Okay. D: With the governor [Francis Sargent]. (G: Interesting, yah) Somehow, whatever they did, I don’t know. Everything has to be legal. Forget the Connector. G: It must have been Dukakis right, or maybe even before Dukakis? D: Probably before Dukakis. G: Okay. All right. Let me ask you, just to shift gears a little bit, two things. One, you don’t remember the Lowell, the Communicator Newspaper, do you, or who? D: No, I really don’t. I don’t. G: Okay. That’s okay. D: But in those days I already read (--) I used to buy the paper every day, because that’s how I picked, you know. G: Well you know what? Interestingly, this was (--) D: Better my English with that. 18 �G: This was often in stark opposition to the Lowell Sun. That’s one of the interesting things about his newspaper. Virtually everything the Lowell Sun supported (D: Oh, they were against) the Communicator opposed. D: I’m surprised I don’t have any copies. I was looking through my attic. I don’t have any of that stuff, because at the time I was living at my parents’ house. So I couldn’t carry everything with me all of the time. G: I’d be glad, if you want I’ll make you a (--) I’ll send you (--) I sent your sister a file, a pdf electronic version of this. I can send it to you if you’d like? D: Yah, if you don’t mind. G: I’d be glad too, sure. D: I’d appreciate it. G: So the other thing is, again, changing gears a little bit. You were a young man at this time. And as far as you and your others of your generation, what did, did Lowell have much to offer in terms of jobs, or finding a partner, or you know, dating, or? D: There were lots of jobs. I mean there were factories everywhere. There were like six or seven shoe factories. The dress factories. Shirt factories. Pajama factories. The Wannalancit Textile, Lowell Manufacturing. There was the Commodore Food, processing food, fish. Commodore Foods processed fish. G: Yes, yes. D: Like Talapia, you know, fish would come in. They’d process all of that. (G: I see) Can it and everything. There was lots of jobs. And you know, there was the church, which is you know, if you look around Lowell, where there is a church there is a community. G: Yes. D: And we were lucky enough that the people before us, when we came our church was built. social clubs were built. The Holy Ghost [Park] was built. And everybody hung around together. There would be a couple of affairs at the Holy Ghost, and that was it. That’s what everybody did. G: Apart from the Lowell Connector, the opposition to that, were there other issues in Lowell at the time that you were involved with, or that the younger generation was active in to make some change in the city, or not so much? D: No, not at all. Like I said before, we never got into politics. 19 �G: Okay, because I was going to ask you. Interestingly enough, in the early [19]70s just about the same time there was a movement to have rent control in Lowell. And you know, obviously this affected a lot of lower income people and there were, you know, a number of large land holders in Lowell, landlords, Greek, Portuguese, the Silva Brothers. D: Yah, Silva Brothers owned a lot of (--) G: Of course Louis Saab. D: Yah, they owned a lot of property. G: They owned a lot of property and you can imagine they fought this initiative tooth and nail. D: Again, people might, we might have been involved at that time if it’s what you say, late [19]70? G: This was like [19]70-74. D: [19]70 to (--) At that time again, it would have been through the same process, through the Eddie Santos, the Santos Family, the Costas, the Camaras, you know, they were kind of (--) The newer immigrants were getting involved. Little by little they were getting involved in this stuff, (G: Okay) but they were never, we were never politically (--) We would do phone, phone banks out of the Portuguese-American Center. We’d take turns like an hour every other day when there were elections. G: Oh really? D: And call the people that, Portuguese people that would use the words citizens, that could vote and remind them to vote. G: I see. Now did they tend to be more Democratic than Republican, or? D: Oh yah, they loved Kennedy. They loved Kennedy. G: Of course. So they tended to be? D: And they still to this day. G: Yes. D: To this day. G: But those involved in making phone calls and things, they tended to be Democratic and not Republican, is that? D: I would say so. 20 �G: Okay. D: I would say most of them, yes. And if there was an issue that we wanted the, a city, probably at that time we did call people just taking the list. Father [de]Silva would provide us the list of people from the church and the club who’d have the membership. And you know, everybody had a phone, and the phone was in the phonebook. So we just, you take that street, I take this street and we can (--) G: So for example, like a local thing like to improve a local school in Back Central, you might get people to call? D: Yes, because Camara, Joseph Camara, he’s still alive, he was a school teacher. (G: Yes, yes) He was a school teacher. Eddie Santos was a mailman, you know, and Leo Sousa was a mailman. And Mendes was a police officer, you know? So all of these people were the ones, you know. G: Yes. They knew how city hall worked. So yes. D: And Mr. Vieira was the attorney. Everybody new Mr.Vieira because he spoke Portuguese. His parents were from Madeira. G: Yes, he was an important guy too, wasn’t he? D: Yah, yah, because he, you know, as a community. G: Let me ask you, did you (--) The only person, Portuguese person I found, I’m sure there were others, but who supported this rent control was a fellow named Joseph Mello, Jr. Joe Mello, M E L L O. D: Joe Mello, or John? G: Joe Mello. Joseph. D: Joe. G: Joseph. Well that’s his, you know, given name. But he was also the secretary of the Lowell Central Labor Council, and he was the Head of the Clerks, the Local Clerks Union. D: Those individuals didn’t hang around with us. G: Okay. He would have been a bit older than you. D: Yah, but he wouldn’t hang around with us. G: Why do you say that? 21 �D: Yah, there was, there was a lot of people that kind of (--) The community had kind of two people. The people that went to church and hung around the church and welcome. Immigrants, we had a hard time fitting into community. It wasn’t as easy just as walking in. G: Interesting, yes. D: I mean the church is fine, but then when you try to get into the organizations, that’s my land, that’s my thing. I did this. I built this. What are you guys doing in here? G: So it was harder to break in? D: Yes, it was very hard. Very, very, very, hard. G: Yah, right. D: Very hard. I was lucky enough because of all the work I did through the church, you know, teaching Sunday school, and getting involved in the festivities, and all that stuff. G: Again, so even within the Portuguese Community it was hard to break in to some of those established clubs. D: Yah, but there was a lot of people that were born here wouldn’t care much for the newcomers. G: I see. D: And I’m saying if this gentleman that you’re mentioning, he was a union guy. Forget it. He wouldn’t (--) I don’t recall him. I know Mellos, but he wasn’t one of the neighborhood, you know? He wasn’t one of us. G: Well let me, just quickly about trade unionism, because you know, back in the 60s unions were still relatively strong in Lowell. D: Yah, I fought the union. Again, in Paris Shoe they tried to get in there. G: Yes, yes. D: And because of the large amount of Portuguese people we, they lost. They didn’t get in. G: What role did the Portuguese people play in defeating the union dry? D: I just told everybody that it was no good. G: Okay, okay. 22 �D: You don’t want that because you do what (--) You know, you pay them a fee. G: Yes, a dues. D: And you do what you’re told. G: An annual dues, yes. D: Yah, you know, you do what you’re told. You do what you’re told. You know, and it doesn’t matter, you all make the same money. Nobody gets, nobody makes more money than them. G: What? Do you remember when was the union trying to break into the shoe factory? D: Well they tried all of the shoe factories. (G: Yes) And I don’t know if Simon Shoe, if they got into Simon Shoe, or Lowell Shoe. I don’t think they got into any shoe factory. G: Yes. D: But they were trying very hard at Paris, because they had a lot of employees. G: Yes. D: But they (--) I don’t recall the time but it’s probably at that same time that you, that you were mentioning. G: Let me ask you too, because of the you know, Salazar and then that regime was ousted, there must have been (--) I gather that most of the Portuguese community were very glad to see him out. Is that fair to say? D: I don’t, no. I don’t think. No. The way the Portuguese people were brought up in our country, you respect authority. You respect the people that are in charge. You respect your elders. You respect the people in charge. We didn’t know any better. I mean it’s just like growing up in Cuba and Castro. That’s what you know, that’s what it is. G: I see. D: And that’s what we knew. Because like when I lived overseas that was in the village, one of the largest villages on the island, maybe four or five people had a radio. It was the rich people that owned the vineyards or the, you know, the land, most of the land where they grew the corn and the wheat. G: Yes. 23 �D: Those were the people that had radios. When my paternal grandfather passed away I guess they split up whatever he had, and my father had enough money to buy a radio. So we bought a Grundig. [Laughs] G: What was it called? D: A Grundig? G R U N D I G, (G: Okay) a Grundig. It was a German radio, short wave. Short wave. G: Grundig, yah, okay. D: And when he came to the country he sold it for the same money that he bought it, that he paid for it. That’s how good the thing was. G: Yes. D: He’d listen to music. Listen to the news. G: Yah, but I gathered when Salazar was defeated, when he was ousted in the military dictatorship group (--) D: We, most of the Lowell Community had been out of there for ten years. G: Yes, so did it mean as much then? D: No. G: No, it didn’t. Okay. D: I mean I went back a year after the revolution in ’75. I had been here for nine or ten years. I went back. I could not believe the way the kids that went to school with me, the way that my uncles, the way that every kid spoke about politics. In one year those (--) And that one year of the revolution, how the mentality of the person that couldn’t even read or write, how it changed. G: How did it change? D: Oh unbelievable. I mean they, they, because they wanted, they wanted everything now, because you know, he was gone, Salazar. To them it was worth a lot more than to us here. G: To people here, yes. Yes. D: Because we, you know, we come here and we struggle here (--) Interview ends 24 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UMass Lowell Portuguese American Oral Histories [1976-2018] Description An account of the resource These oral histories with Portuguese immigrants and their descendants in the Greater Lowell area were conducted between 1976-2016. Topics covered include the experience of immigration, working conditions, family life, and more. These oral histories were funded by the Lowell National Historical Park, the American Folklife Center, and UMass Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Children of immigrants Cultural assimilation Mills and mill-work Portuguese American women Madeirans World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States. Navy. Factories Education Depressions--1929 Immigrants Christmas Immigrant families Ethnic food New Year Balls (parties) Community organization Civic leaders Baking Bakeries Bakery employees Tradition (Theology) Music Ethnic neighborhoods Boardinghouses Folk dancing, Portuguese Music teachers Civil engineering Urban renewal Park facilities--Planning Fasts and Feasts Portuguese language Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Engineering Religious gatherings Police Portugal--Emigration and immigration Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Dance teachers Female impersonators Entertainers Musicians Suicide Cleaning compounds Tenement houses Rug and carpet industry Entrepreneurship Irish Americans Politics and government City council members Campaign management Community development, Urban Music--Portuguese influences Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Priests Code switching (Linguistics) Soccer Cooking Composition (Music) Portuguese teachers Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Fathers and sons Bars (Drinking establishments) Desegregation Military bands Track and field coaches Language teachers Brazilian Americans Bullfights Bullying in schools Conflict of generations Earthquakes Evening and continuation schools Volcanos Meat industry and trade Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 Christmas cooking Community schools Marriage Radio programs Sewing Angola--History--Revolution, 1961-1975 Agriculture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Document Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All items can be found at the Center for Lowell History in Lowell, MA. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Manchester (N.H.) Graciosa (Azores) Capelinhos Volcano (Azores) Faial (Azores) Lawrence (Mass.) Terceira Island (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Madeira (Madeira Islands) Pico Island (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Azores Hudson (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Denatale, Doug Fertig, Barbara Fitzsimons, Gray Holden, Maria Miller, Marc Norkunas, Martha Page, Paul Perkins, Carole MacDougal Reis, John M. Spandagos, Olga Strobel, Christoph Szewczyk, Kimberly Taylor, David Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Participants Names of individuals or groups participating in the event Joseph Camara Manuel Figuera Fr. DeSilva Eddie Santos Paul Silva Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dimas Espinola Oral History Interview Description An account of the resource <p><strong>Oral History Interview with Dimas Espinola, October 19, 2017</strong></p> <p><strong>Biographical Note:</strong></p> <p>Born on the Azorean island of Terceira, in the village of Biscoitos, in 1950; Dimas Espinola immigrated with his family to the United States in the late 1960s, settling in Lowell’s  “Back Central” (predominately Portuguese) neighborhood; his father, formerly a furniture maker in Biscoitos, obtained a job as a loom fixer in the Wannalancit Mills; his mother worked in a shoe factory; Mr. Espinola received his formal education in schools on Terceira and, upon arriving in Lowell, he secured a work permit and, at nearly 17 years of age, he was employed in a manufacturing job in the Paris shoe factory on Bridge Street; at the same time Mr. Dimas, a communicant at St. Anthony’s Church, began working closely with the pastor, Rev. John F. deSilva; among his activities was translating English for Portuguese members of the community, which included various issues affecting the neighborhood, including a state-proposed extension of the Lowell Connector highway that threatened many homes and businesses in the “Back Central” neighborhood; in addition to his community activism and work with the church, Mr. Dimas also became involved with the Portuguese-American Center (and its soccer team), as well as the Holy Ghost Society; he remained in the shoe industry for many years, becoming a foreman and factory manager.</p> <p><strong>Scope and Contents:</strong></p> <p>Interview conducted by consulting historian Gray Fitzsimons; a large part of this interview focuses on the organized opposition (and Mr. Espinola’s role in this opposition) to the Lowell Connector highway extension in the early 1970s and the threat of demolition of a large section of the “Back Central” neighborhood; it also contains some information on the family background of Mr. Dimas, the family’s immigrating from the Terceira to the United States, the working lives of the Espinola family in Lowell’s shoe factories in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as observations on the various businesses and cultures that would have been gravely impaired had the highway extension been constructed.</p> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fitzsimons, Gray Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-10-19 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Espinola, Dimas Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Espinola_OH Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Cultural assimilation Civic leaders Portuguese language Factories Community development, Urban Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Terceira Island (Azores) Lowell (Mass.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). DeMoulas Store Lowell Connector Memórias: Preserving the Stories of Lowell's Portuguese Community Paris Shoe Factory Pioneer Quality Market Portuguese American Center (Lowell, MA) Saint Anthony's Church (Lowell, MA) Whipple Café https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/618f311bd661668d8bf4750c938c38f0.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=bt5%7E3K3cSqv3pfchR3BSU-%7EbA5VYGt9mnpr0GfJVyBELtXoRsONDjXEDLxPQD22WXLJfL4-I9FNKnOt4hEfBm%7ERDbHTUyF1fmBlFXZe7hOz3fNqidOxMahP2G627PEUNxcNStGEojMsT8PviQksWg31zRtTZJuFW19HLKYRiyZa0iqrSNiG5cBGGnTtC8Vh0ELXTidfUkdhSufmUP636JSE5ohDAfP57-q34dPc8neOzRDd9Vm2aCmvIm3NBrml2J4-WGS717NVG05%7EkK5dDA3xnmb9Dtu0mUsJfhnLONWN6SI5RJNCdyDeI02vdPgSftoy8T1yq5pE-Qz6fnKcNAw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 39ad14319850d6155dec0d5879b98479 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/42465/archive/files/3fe45407d53a025931eb7b404d28fd58.mp3?Expires=1777507200&Signature=a3c%7EcrCGLym6f2VyHgfeOkVhTnhlcCl806DlNt%7EfOTZhkVYzYwpW0sY0eWVarMb0TT4QXzae%7EiOxV3o-ZFZIXtLbh2RilqjiMZ6iQ6GsMs%7ETJFO82Ctj8b7z4Lgn3aL9uIRirxXySPmwT3%7EnMclWPdIUaNnS8dCem3DaM6YAIKGXVGV-QuvQUVvv8i57tEoVh7%7EivmadKxIvA7AUMxH7lKw2R6%7EqmbsR7AANLwV6C6gpyUMFoGbaypbBXLDqw%7EjaTLDxwSvz-EHzdwJU90BpFL-m2M1Wt8OZ6VN5m2xYfAEgqI%7EIn8w48W3wI8gFhy6-ZEplT7ChLnh4Cd3DBn77Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 05d2db6b8bbe88fe2ecbd670bbe22615 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UMass Lowell Portuguese American Oral Histories [1976-2018] Description An account of the resource These oral histories with Portuguese immigrants and their descendants in the Greater Lowell area were conducted between 1976-2016. Topics covered include the experience of immigration, working conditions, family life, and more. These oral histories were funded by the Lowell National Historical Park, the American Folklife Center, and UMass Lowell. Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Children of immigrants Cultural assimilation Mills and mill-work Portuguese American women Madeirans World War, 1939-1945 Veterans United States. Navy. Factories Education Depressions--1929 Immigrants Christmas Immigrant families Ethnic food New Year Balls (parties) Community organization Civic leaders Baking Bakeries Bakery employees Tradition (Theology) Music Ethnic neighborhoods Boardinghouses Folk dancing, Portuguese Music teachers Civil engineering Urban renewal Park facilities--Planning Fasts and Feasts Portuguese language Instrumentation and orchestration (Band) Engineering Religious gatherings Police Portugal--Emigration and immigration Immigrants--Cultural Assimilation--United States Dance teachers Female impersonators Entertainers Musicians Suicide Cleaning compounds Tenement houses Rug and carpet industry Entrepreneurship Irish Americans Politics and government City council members Campaign management Community development, Urban Music--Portuguese influences Catholic Church--Dioceses Catholic Church--Societies, etc. Priests Code switching (Linguistics) Soccer Cooking Composition (Music) Portuguese teachers Women in community organization Labor unions Ethnic groups Fathers and sons Bars (Drinking establishments) Desegregation Military bands Track and field coaches Language teachers Brazilian Americans Bullfights Bullying in schools Conflict of generations Earthquakes Evening and continuation schools Volcanos Meat industry and trade Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 Christmas cooking Community schools Marriage Radio programs Sewing Angola--History--Revolution, 1961-1975 Agriculture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Document Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived All items can be found at the Center for Lowell History in Lowell, MA. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976-2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lowell (Mass.) Boston (Mass.) Manchester (N.H.) Graciosa (Azores) Capelinhos Volcano (Azores) Faial (Azores) Lawrence (Mass.) Terceira Island (Azores) São Miguel (Azores) Madeira (Madeira Islands) Pico Island (Azores) Lisbon (Portugal) Azores Hudson (Mass.) Cambridge (Mass.) Tyngsboro (Mass.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Denatale, Doug Fertig, Barbara Fitzsimons, Gray Holden, Maria Miller, Marc Norkunas, Martha Page, Paul Perkins, Carole MacDougal Reis, John M. Spandagos, Olga Strobel, Christoph Szewczyk, Kimberly Taylor, David Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Participants Names of individuals or groups participating in the event Jose Boldeia Maria Boldeia Alvarina Braga Jorge Coelho Deolinda Mello Gladys Picanso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maria Pombeiro Oral History Interview Description An account of the resource Oral History Interview with Maria Pombeiro, November 1, 2016 <br /><br /><strong>Biographical Note:</strong> <br />Born in the Azores on the island of Faial in 1940; following the volcanic eruption of Vulcão dos Capelinhos on Faial, Maria Pombeiro immigrated with her family to the U.S. in 1958 and settled in Lowell in the Portuguese neighborhood of “Back Central”; her father obtained employment in a paper-tube factory in Lowell and Ms. Pombeiro soon found a job in a clothing factory, also in Lowell, where she worked until the 1970s; after this factory closed she obtained a job at the Raytheon Corporation’s plant in South Lowell and then Andover, Massachusetts, doing electronic assembly work; after being laid off at Raytheon she worked at a medical supply manufacturing company in Billerica, Massachusetts. In addition to her work in manufacturing, Ms. Pombeiro was married (at St. Anthony Catholic Church in “Back Central”) and raised a family in Lowell. <br /><br /><strong>Scope and Contents:</strong> <br />Interview conducted by local historian Mehmed Ali; Ms. Pombeiro discusses the Capelinhos volcanic eruptions on her native island in 1957-58; her family’s decision to immigrate to the U.S. and settle in Lowell; her work and the working conditions in a Lowell clothing factory in the late 1950s, into the 1970s, and her subsequent work at the Raytheon Corporation plant in South Lowell. Ms. Pombeiro also discusses Lowell’s Portuguese community, businesses and shopping in the “Back Central” neighborhood, and Portuguese foods that she enjoyed in Lowell. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ali, Mehmed Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UMass Lowell, Center for Lowell History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-11-01 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Pombeiro, Maria Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Pombeiro_Maria Subject The topic of the resource Azorean Americans Immigrants Community organization Factories Portuguese language Marriage Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Faial (Azores) Lowell (Mass.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s). Barry's Pastry Shop C.F. Hathaway Company Dennis Store Educator Biscuit Feast of the Holy Ghost Folclórico Freitas Barber Shop Memórias: Preserving the Stories of Lowell's Portuguese Community Raytheon